Stellate Ganglion Block in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma- and stress-related disorder arising from an experienced or witnessed traumatic event, most commonly actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. There is a distinct pattern of intrusion and avoidance, as well as negative alterations in cognitions, mood, arousal, and reactivity, leading to serious impairments in personal, social and occupational functioning. The risk of PTSD is elevated in military and public safety personnel, and first responders. Despite advances in evidence-based treatments for PTSD, optimal outcomes are often not achieved, particularly in military veterans. One of the treatment-interfering factors is persistent hyperarousal (abnormally heightened state of anxiety and alertness), which prevents engagement in trauma processing and contributes to medication intolerance and substance misuse. The search for novel methods to target hyperarousal and underlying responses of the sympathetic nervous system have provided some promising pharmacologic approaches, such as the use of the adrenergic (adrenaline-related) blockers propranolol and prazosin. There is a need for novel and complementary approaches to normalize sympathetic (fight-or-flight) regulation in PTSD to provide symptom relief and facilitate its treatment and recovery.

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is a medical procedure that involves injection of local anesthetic around the stellate ganglion, which is a collection of sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nerves near the base of the neck (C6-7). This procedure causes a short-lived shutdown of sympathetic nerve signals (up to 5-7 hours) and is commonly performed in Canada for certain pain and medical conditions. SGB is an interventional procedure that temporarily blocks sympathetic signaling to the arms, neck and head with long-established therapeutic benefits for sympathetically maintained pain and other medical conditions. In the past decade, SGB was found to provide a rapid and sustained reduction of PTSD symptoms in numerous case reports and series. Further, two randomized controlled trials of SGB in PTSD have been conducted. The first study in active and retired military personnel with combat and non-combat PTSD did not differentiate the effect of SGB from sham control one week or one month post-injection , although these results were inconclusive due to methodological limitations. The second study in active-duty military personnel established substantial efficacy of SGB that was administered twice in a 2-week interval when assessed at eight weeks after the first injection . Notably, most of the studies above were conducted in predominantly male active-duty military samples and none specifically in veterans, law enforcement officers, or first responders. Considering these results and the known safety of this procedure, SGB has been increasingly used to treat PTSD in the United States Veterans Affairs (VA) system, but has not yet been evaluated in Canada.

The mechanism of action of SGB in PTSD is not well understood. Presumably, SGB directly reduces peripheral sympathetic tone but may also project to the central nervous system to activate neuroplasticity processes. The current consensus is that SGB has a unique adjunct potential in PTSD treatment, but the parameters of its use and mechanism of action require further study. In order to enhance care and in response to requests from our patients and their clinicians, we initiated a collaboration between the OSI and TOH Pain clinics to facilitate access to SGB for our patients, particularly those who are not improving with traditional therapies because of intractable hyperarousal and anxiety. To date, 15 patients have undergone off-label SGB procedures at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH) Pain Clinic, seven for whom we have clinical data up to eight weeks post-SGB. We are still collecting follow-up data for the other eight patients, who had the procedure done more recently. Of those seven who underwent SGB procedures prior to October 2021, five were responders on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), as evidenced by a 10-point decrease in the total score, between one week pre-SGB and eight weeks post-SGB. Mean Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR) scores decreased from the severe to moderate range. Within 2 weeks of the procedure, one patient commented that he had "less anxiety, no panic attacks," and another reported, "It was like the entire planet felt less menacing and I felt calmer than I had in years." There were no serious adverse events related to the SGB procedure. In summary, current treatments for PTSD have shortcomings and less success in military veterans. One of the most significant challenges for recovery from PTSD is an overactive "fight-or-flight" state, fueled by the sympathetic nervous system. Patients struggle with near constant hyperarousal as they are in a state of physical and mental readiness to react to a threat. While this reaction is appropriate in dangerous situations, as a symptom of PTSD, it becomes excessive and uncontrollable, leading to persistent anxiety, irritability, agitation, startle, and sleep problems as well as triggering traumatic memories and standing in the way of regular life activities. Currently, even the best treatments for PTSD do not directly reduce hyperarousal or sympathetic activity, making it more difficult for patients to engage in and benefit from trauma-focused therapy or medications. Sufferers are often prompted to self-medicate with alcohol and other substances, which also negatively impact the patient's family and support network. This significant treatment gap calls for exploring novel ways to lessen the entrenched "fight or flight" state in those with PTSD.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria with prominent and persistent cluster E hyperarousal symptoms
• Age 18-69 years
• Under care of a mental health clinician
• Not benefited from adequate trials of pharmacological or psychological evidence-based treatment and/or a preference and consent for a trial of SGB

Exclusion criteria

• Assessed with high risk for suicide in the last 30 days (per patient's treating clinician at OSI clinic)
• Diagnosis of bipolar or psychotic disorder
• Moderate to severe substance use within the last 30 days (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• In process of disability assessment or legal action
• Moderate or severe TBI (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Current anticoagulant use (eligible if can be held before the procedure)
• History of bleeding disorder (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Infection, mass or anatomic abnormalities at target injection site
• Myocardial infarction within 6 months of procedure (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Pathologic bradycardia or irregularities of heart rate or rhythm (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Symptomatic hypotension (BP<90/60 + clinical symptoms of hypotension)
• Phrenic or laryngeal nerve palsy (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• History of glaucoma (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Uncontrolled seizure disorder (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Known history of allergy to local anesthetics (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Severe COPD (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Pneumothorax (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Contralateral pneumonectomy or non-functional lung (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Active systemic infection (based on chart and verbal report from patient)
• Patient refusal/inability to tolerate procedure/positioning
• Contraindication to MR imaging
• Any other condition that in the opinion of the investigator could create a hazard to the participant's safety, endanger the study procedures, or interfere with the interpretation of study results.