Background:
Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) refers to a blood- and fluid-collection between the brain and the dura that is most common in the elderly with a male predominance. Patients present with headaches, gait instabilities, cognitive impairments, decline of vigilance, hemiparesis, aphasia, or seizures. These symptoms usually lead to hospital admission where the diagnosis can be easily depicted by non-contrast computer tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Image characteristics of the transformed hemoglobin of the blood indicate the chronicity, therefore, the rather slow development of this intracranial hemorrhage. Smaller parts of acute bleeding can attribute to a faster progression. Incidence across all ages is reported at about 8/100.000, while age-depended incidence increases up to 64/100.000 at age of > 79 years. About 2/3 present with unilateral, 1/3 with bilateral hematoma.
A symptomatic cSDH requires surgical treatment, which might range from twist drill trepanation with or without drain to open trepanation and fluid evacuation in order to prevent permanent brain damage and further deterioration. Recurrence rates are up to 20%. The mortality rate is increased even after successful treatment of the bleeding.
The actual cause for the development of cSDH is yet not sufficiently explored. While a history of minor head trauma is often reported as the leading cause of cSDH, a minor trauma cannot account for the entire pathology in cSDH. Some mechanisms are reported that are rather believed to maintain but not to initiate the process: Characteristic membranes are built that are thought to cause further exudation and hemorrhage. Fragile vessels are discussed to contribute to the process, stimulated by inflammation and poor angiogenesis. Recent efforts to therapeutically address inflammation as a primary target failed, which highlights the critical need of improved therapies.
Over the past years, it has become evident, yet widely neglected in clinical daily life, that many cases of cSDH are caused by spinal cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) leaks that lead to spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). These leaks lead to a continuous loss of CSF, which therefore causes hypotension and traction within the skull that is most sever in upright position. This intracranial hypotension can lead to the development of cSDH.
If this underlying cause of cSDH is not diagnosed and if it remains untreated, the persistent spinal leak maintains the process of traction and bleeding - leading to a recurrence of the cSDH with a high likelihood and risking further brain damage. Also, there is a risk of further impairment of health and quality of life due to an untreated spinal CSF leak itself (e.g., chronic headache, hearing impairment up to hearing loss, cognitive decline, and superficial siderosis. Unfortunately, spinal CSF leaks are often not investigated, or overseen. The diagnostic sensitivity regarding spinal CSF leaks largely depends on the awareness, experience and dedication of the medical professionals. In an emergency due to intracranial bleeding, a medical history of seemingly fewer threatening symptoms like orthostatic headache or hearing impairment is likely overseen by patients and the medical team, alike. Thus, symptoms and signs are easily missed in cSDH cohorts if not specifically investigated.
In patients with atraumatic, bilateral cSDH, it has already become textbook knowledge that investigation for spinal CSF leaks should be conducted. Nevertheless, according to literature, current observations, and expert opinion, a limitation exclusively to bilateral cSDH cannot be justified and sets misdiagnosed patients at risk of further harm. It must be recognized that the mentioned limitation to bilateral cSDH is based on research at times of less sensitive diagnostics without knowledge on the variety of spinal CSF leaks. For example, the discovery of CSF-venous fistulas at the spine has been one of the few genuine new discoveries in Neuroradiology within the past 9 years. By now, within the investigator's cohort, this type of leak accounts for >20% of all leaks and is rather detected in the elderly (mean age 57 years vs. 44 years other leaks, p=0.002), a cohort that is also more likely to develop cSDH. For example: to investigate for CSF-venous fistulas, a conventional prone myelography would lead to a false-negative results, as myelography would need to be performed in lateral decubitus position. Furthermore, another type of a sacral leak has recently been discovered. Therefore, all formerly gathered data on cSDH and SIH need to be interpreted in respect to current developments and the former lack of diagnostic sensitivity. Thus, in experienced SIH centers, it has been established to screen for spinal leaks irrespective of age and size to prevent false treatment and recurrence of cSDH.
Literature on spinal CSF leaks in patients with bilateral and unilateral cSDH reports high rates ranging from 26% to even 80 %. The analysis of retrospective data of 216 SIH patients with a proven and surgically treated spinal CSF leak across all ages showed, that 60/216 (30%) had cSDH, with a clear predominance of bilateral (88%) over unilateral (12%) hematomas. Careful management of the bleeding and most importantly closure of the leak led - so far - to no detected recurrence of the cSDH in this cohort. Data also suggest that the development of cSDH is more likely in older SIH patients, which also are more likely to develop CSF-venous fistulas that yet have not been subject of investigation in cSDH cohorts. Also, the intake of oral anticoagulation should not prevent further investigation for spinal CSF leaks, as there is evidence that oral anticoagulation is quite often not the definitive cause of cSDH but rather an additional factor.
In summary, cSDH and SIH are interlinked. Older data suggested that only younger patients with cSDH and bilateral cSDH should be suspected to suffer from spinal leaks. In contrast, current data imply that spinal leaks can cause unilateral and bilateral cSDH at any age. On the other hand, there might be a publication bias as with any retrospective studies and prospective data is needed.
Aims:
Primary aim:
a) To estimate the prevalence of spinal CSF leaks in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH)
Secondary aims:
- To estimate the proportion of different spinal CSF leak types in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH)
- To investigate differences in the proportion of spinal CSF leaks and subtypes stratified by age, and stratified by sex
- To investigate the proportion of interventions needed, delineate clinical parameters, diagnostic findings, resurge need, and differences in outcome in patients with and without proven spinal CSF leak in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH)
- To evaluate the diagnostic value of clinical and diagnostic parameters to detect spinal CSF leak in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH)
Methods:
The study is monocentric. The design is prospective, longitudinal, and observational.
New patients with cSDH admitted to the investigator's department will be screened on a daily basis. The patients, or their caregivers, respectively, will be informed and included upon given written informed consent. As many patients will need emergency evacuation of the subdural hematoma, patients will be specifically asked to consent that data starting at time of admission can be investigated.
Diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up procedure will follow clinical standards according to established standard operating procedures (SOP). This standard includes a screening MRI of the brain and spine for signs of spinal CSF leaks. These results in combination with patients' history will be given to the interdisciplinary SIH-Board for consideration. In case of evidence for SIH, further investigation for spinal CSF leaks are initiated.
Evidence of SIH can be found in the MRI of the spine as spinal longitudinal epidural collection (SLEC) for some leak types. Further signs indicating a moderate or higher risk of a spinal CSF leaks is a Bern Score of 3 or higher in the MRI of the head. Also, clinical symptoms indicative of spinal CSF leaks, such as orthostatic headache are considered.
According to the SOP, the follow-up visits will be scheduled depending on the clinical course that determines the frequencies of visits needed. Follow-ups are conducted at least up to 6 months to scan for resurge of the cSDH and outcome of the procedures, including at least one follow-up visit including imaging after 3 months.
This study aims to collect a dataset containing clinical workups up to the 6 months follow-up per participant following standardoperating procedures.
Considerations on sample size As this is an explorative, observational study without formal sample size estimation, the study is limited by time of duration (24 months), not by exact numbers.
By an estimated population of 1.74 Mio and an incidence of cSDH of 8/100.000, about 140 patients should be expected per year, adding up to approximately 280 patients with cSDH. Considering some patients and/or caregivers who do not consent, a realistic number of 220 to 240 might be achieved.
With this sample size, it would be able to estimate the prevalence with a 95% Wilson confidence interval (CI) with a width of 11-13% (for prevalences of 20-80%). For example with a sample size of 220 and a prevalence of 50%, the 95% Wilson CI would be 43.4-56.5%.
