Spanish-language Version of the Kihon Checklist

The Kihon Checklist is a self-reporting survey used for screening frail older adults. It consists of 25 yes/no questions divided into 7 domains: activities of daily living, physical strength, nutrition, eating, socialization, memory, and depressive mood. Higher scores indicate a higher risk of requiring support. A total score ≥ 7 points indicates general frailty (Sewo Sampaio 2016). The Spanish Kihon version used for validation in this study was translated by Maseda et al. (2017).

Fried's Frailty Phenotype proposed in the Cardiovascular Health Study (Fried 2001) consists of 5 criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, reduced grip strength, and reduced gait speed. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 5. A frail person is who scores 3 to 5; prefrail when scores 1 to 2, and robust when scores 0.

The Edmonton Frailty Scale (Rolfson 2006) evaluates 9 domains of frailty: cognition, general health status, functional independence, social support, medication usage, nutrition, mood, continence, and functional performance. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 17, with higher scores representing greater frailty severity.

Frailty measured by the Frail Scale (Masanes et al., 2012). It has a total score of 5 points. The more score the more frailty. Participants are considered frail individuals with scores 3 to 5; prefrail with scores 1 to 2, and robust with scores of 0.

The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (Gobbens et al., 2010) is a self-reported questionnaire of 15 items addressing physical, psychological and social domains. The total score of the Tilburg scale can range from 0 to 15. Higher scores indicate more frailty.

Muscle strength was measured by the isometric handgrip strength (Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010).

Muscle strength was measured by the isometric knee extension (Andrews et al., 1996).

Muscle strength measured by the isometric elbow flexion (Andrews et al., 1996).

Muscle mass estimated by Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) (Bahat et al., 2016).

Gait speed was recorded using a 4-meter walking test (Working Group on Functional Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials, 2008).

Physical condition was measured by the Modified Baecke Questionnaire (Vilaró et al., 2007). The Modified Baecke Questionnaire results in a score to classify people as high, moderate, or low in daily physical activity, based on tertiles.

Physical performance was measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (Guralnik, 1994). This measurement consists of walking 4m, a balance test with 3 levels (tandem, semi-tandem and stand up on one foot) and sit up and reach 5 times as fast as possible. Summary scores range from 0-12, and higher scores denote higher physical performance.

Functional independence was measured by the Barthel Index. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 100, where 0 is the minimum (worst outcome) and 100 is the maximum (best outcome).

Functional independence was measured by the Lawton and Brody Questionnaire (Lawton and Brody, 1969). Instrumental activities of daily living assess the ability to use the telephone, to shop, to use transport, to cook, to do housework, to take medication, and to handle finances. It has a total score ranging from 0 to 8, 0 indicates total dependence and the maximum score indicates total independence.

Cognitive function was measured by the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (Lobo et al., 1999). Summary scores range from 0 to 35, and higher scores denote higher cognitive function.

Health-related quality of life was measured by SF-8 (Tomás et al., 2017). Summary scores range from 8 to 40, and higher scores denote a higher health-related quality of life.

Depressive mood was measured by CESD-7 (Herrero y Gracia, 2007). Summary scores range from 0 to 21, and lower scores denote depressive mood.

Nutritional status was measured by MNA-SF (Rubenstein et al., 2001). Summary scores range from 0 to 14, and higher scores denote better nutritional status.