SNIFF - Combo INI+EMPA Trial

The study will consist of a single site, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of 4 weeks of intranasal insulin(40 International Units four times daily), empagliflozin (10 mg daily) and combined intranasal insulin (INI) and empagliflozin (empa) compared with placebo on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and cognition.

At study entry, participants will be randomized to one of 4 conditions: INI, empa, INI+empa or placebo. Participants who are cognitively normal but have abnormal elevations of brain amyloid or who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer's disease (AD) will be enrolled.

The primary outcome measure will consist of safety (treatment-related serious adverse events). Secondary outcome measures will consist of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, cognition, and cerebral blood flow.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 55 to 85 (inclusive)
• Fluent in English
• Cognitively normal or diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• Amyloid positive by positron emission tomography (PET) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) criteria
• Stable medical condition for 3 months prior to screening visit
• Stable medications for 4 weeks prior to the screening and study visits (exceptions may be made on a case by case basis by the study physician)
• Clinical laboratory values must be within normal limits or, if abnormal, must be judged to be clinically insignificant by the study physician

Exclusion criteria

• A diagnosis of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• History of a clinically significant stroke
• Current evidence or history in past two years of epilepsy, head injury with loss of consciousness, any major psychiatric disorder including psychosis, major depression, bipolar disorder
• Diabetes (type I or type II) insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Current or past regular use of insulin or any other anti-diabetic medication within 2 months of screening visit
• History of seizure within past five years
• Pregnancy or possible pregnancy
• Use of anticoagulants, unless documentation received from prescribing clinician that anticoagulant medication can be held before lumbar puncture, and approved by study clinician
• Residence in a skilled nursing facility at screening
• Use of an investigational agent within two months of screening visit
• Regular use of alcohol, narcotics, anticonvulsants, anti-parkinsonian medications, or any other exclusionary medications (exceptions may be made on a case by case basis by the study physician)