Smartwatch Accuracy for Measuring Vitals and Anxiety Before Disc Surgery

Primary outcomes

1. Blood Pressure (BP) (Medical-Grade)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   One measurement will be taken from both the patient's right and left arm using a calibrated medical-grade sphygmomanometer (BP cuff) at each time point. Both systolic and diastolic pressure will be recorded separately.

2. Heart Rate (HR) (Medical-Grade)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   HR will be taken using a finger pulse oximeter on the finger of the same arm as the smartwatch at each time point.

3. Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) (Medical-Grade)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   SpO2 will be taken using a finger pulse oximeter on the finger of the same arm as the smartwatch at each time point.

4. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Score

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   The evening before surgery: Both the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) State and Trait anxiety scores will be recorded. The morning before surgery: Only the State Anxiety Inventory score will be recorded. Both the State and Trait forms of the STAI include reverse-scored items. Total scores are calculated for each form, with higher scores reflecting higher levels of anxiety.

5. Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) Score

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery

   Sleep quality will be measured twice using the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ): 1) The evening before surgery, to assess the night immediately before the decision to operate. 2) The morning before surgery, assess the preoperative night spent in the hospital. The total score is calculated using the first five items of the scale, with the noise item excluded from scoring. Scores of 0-25 indicate very poor sleep, while scores of 76-100 indicate very good sleep.

6. Blood Pressure (BP) (Measured via Wrist)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   Blood pressure will be measured using a smartwatch twice: once on the evening before surgery and once on the morning of surgery. On both occasions, the smartwatch-based measurement will be obtained immediately prior to the medical blood pressure measurement. All measurements will be obtained from the same preoperatively designated wrist without changing sides. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values obtained from the smartwatch will be recorded separately.

7. Heart Rate (HR) (Measured via Wrist)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   Heart rate (HR) will be measured at the wrist using a smartwatch. During measurement, a simultaneous reference reading will be obtained from the finger of the same arm using a finger pulse oximeter, with the time interval between devices kept to a minimum.

8. Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) (Measured via Wrist)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) will be measured at the wrist using a smartwatch. During measurement, a simultaneous reference reading will be obtained from the finger of the same arm using a finger pulse oximeter, with the time interval between devices kept to a minimum.

9. Anxiety Metric (Measured via Wrist)

   Time frame: Evening before surgery; Morning before surgery.

   Anxiety level will be assessed using a smartwatch. The smartwatch categorizes anxiety into four levels: relaxed, low, moderate, and high. To minimize the potential influence of self-awareness of questionnaire results, the smartwatch-based assessment will be conducted after completion of the STAI.

10. Sleep Quality (Measured via Wrist)

    Time frame: Single report obtained from continuous monitoring during the entire Night Before Surgery (from the evening when the watch is put on until the morning).

    Sleep will be continuously monitored using a smartwatch throughout the preoperative night. At the end of the monitoring period, sleep quality will be quantified using a score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better sleep quality.

11. Sleep Duration (Measured via Wrist)

    Time frame: Single report obtained from continuous monitoring during the entire Night Before Surgery (from the evening when the watch is put on until the morning).

    Sleep duration will be continuously monitored using a smartwatch throughout the night. Total sleep duration will be reported in hours and minutes. In addition to total sleep duration, time spent in light sleep, REM sleep, wakefulness, and deep sleep will be reported as subcomponents. All sleep-related durations will be recorded separately in hours and minutes.