Smartphone Sensors to Assess Symptom Relief in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder Undergoing Treatment

Research Design The study is a multiple baseline open trial with one active treatment arm and comprises three stages. The interval between the first and second stages varies across groups (one, two, or three weeks) to create a mixed baseline structure. Continuous monitoring via the smartphone App takes place from the first meeting until the final assessment in the third stage.

Stage 1 - Baseline Assessment:

Participants are recruited through social media advertisements (e.g., Google, Facebook) offering participation in a study on a treatment shown to be effective for social anxiety disorder. Potential participants who express interest are invited to an initial clinical assessment following a brief phone screening. Before the assessment, participants are informed of the study process and are asked to provide a written informed consent. A structured clinical interview is then conducted by a trained clinician to evaluate symptom severity and diagnosis and determine eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. The evaluation session lasts about two hours and includes:

• Clinical Interview:

1.1. MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview): A short clinical interview to diagnose major psychiatric disorders in Axis 1 as per DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria.

1.2. Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale: Completed by the clinician to assess symptom severity at each evaluation point and to measure improvement relative to baseline at the end of treatment and follow-up.

1.3. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS): Structured interview version assessing social anxiety symptoms.

• Self-Report Questionnaires:

2.1. Demographic Questionnaire: Includes general background questions on gender, age, country of birth, years of education, academic credentials, ADHD, reading difficulties, current occupation, and treatment history (psychological and pharmacological).

2.2. Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): Measures social anxiety symptoms in adults.

2.3. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire measuring depression symptoms and functional impairment in adults.

2.4. GAD-7: Assesses symptoms of generalized anxiety. 2.5. VSAS: this questionnaire is based on the LSAS and assesses social anxiety with images of social scenarios.

• Free-Viewing Task: This task evaluates eye-gaze patterns toward negative and neutral faces. Participants are shown a 4x4 matrix of faces (16 faces in total) with neutral and disgusted expressions. In each step, participants view a matrix of faces for six seconds. Eye movements are recorded with an eye-tracking device, allowing direct measurement of attention focus on the screen stimuli.
• The digital monitoring App: Participants are set up to use the App for digital monitoring, which serves as a baseline before treatment begins and is used to assess its impact. Monitoring continues throughout the treatment phase and follow-up assessments.

Stage 2 - Treatment, Symptom Assessment, and App monitoring:

• Treatment (GC-MRT): The treatment protocol, based on a lab-developed program shown to reduce social anxiety symptoms, includes eight bi-weekly individual sessions over four weeks. Each 30-minute session involves a computerized task that tracks eye movements via eye-tracking, focusing participants' attention away from negative stimuli. During each session, participants choose a music track to play during training, which is played only when they focus on the neutral faces in the matrix. The eye-tracking device records eye movements throughout.
• Continuous digital behavior monitoring: See description in Section 4.
• Weekly Self-Report: Participants complete the SPIN (Section 2.2) at the start of each week.

Stage 3 - Post-Treatment Evaluation and Follow-Up:

Approximately two weeks after treatment concludes, participants complete another clinical interview, self-report questionnaires (as described in Stages 1 and 2), and repeat the computerized attention eye-tracking. This stage evaluates the impact of treatment on participants' threat-related attention patterns, as well as symptoms of anxiety and mood. Participants are also informed they may now uninstall the App if they so choose.

Inclusion criteria

• Normal or corrected vision, without color blindness.
• A primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (based on clinician assessment (LSAS), a MINI interview, and an LSAS score above 50).
• Age range of 18-65.
• Ownership of a smartphone that supports the digital monitoring App.

Exclusion criteria

• Prior experience with GC-MRT.
• A current diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
• A current or past diagnosis of psychosis or bipolar disorder.
• Neurological disorder (e.g., epilepsy, brain injury).
• Severe suicidal ideation.
• Substance or alcohol addiction.
• Concurrent treatment (pharmacological or psychosocial).
• Pregnancy.
• Insufficient Hebrew proficiency (unable to complete a clinical interview and/or self-report symptoms and/or perform cognitive tasks).