Sleep-disordered Breathing and Neurocognitive Assessment in Children and Young Adults

Anxiety questionnaire using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), with an anxiety being defined by a total T-score ≥60. Mean normal value of T-score is 50 ± 10.

Depression questionnaire using the Multiscore Depression Inventory for Children (MDI-C), with an abnormal score being defined by a T-score ≥70. Mean normal value of T-score is 50 ± 10.

Quality of life questionnaire using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). The higher the score, the better the quality of life. Min value = 0. Max value = 100.

Sensoriality using the Sensory profile test. Atypical performance for a raw score <122. Min value = 38. Max value = 190.

Memory evaluation using the NEPSY-II test. Mean normal score is 10 ± 3. Abnormal for a score <4.

Memory evaluation using the Children Memory Scale test. Mean normal score is 10 ± 3. Abnormal for a score <4.

Attention evaluation using the TAP test. Abnormal for a T-score <30. Mean normal value of T-score is 50 ± 10.

Executive function evaluation using the NEPSY-II. Mean normal score tests is 10 ± 3, abnormal for a score <4.

Executive function evaluation using the Trail Making test. Mean normal score is 10 ± 3, abnormal for a score <4.

Executive function evaluation using the KiTAP subtests. Abnormal T-score <30, with mean normal value of T-score is 50 ± 10.

Behavior evaluation using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Abnormal T-score >65. Mean normal value of T-score is 50 ± 10.

Neurodevelopment evaluation using the Griffiths-III. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Neurodevelopment evaluation using the WPPSI-IV. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Neurodevelopment evaluation using the WISC-V. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Language evaluation using the Griffiths-III test. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Score of the sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) to detect the presence and severity of SDB Children < 4 years old: Min value 3, max value 15. Abnormal if score >4. Children > 4 years old: Min value 5, max value 25. Abnormal if score >12.

Geometric morphometric approach based on 3D facial surface analysis of linear distances between 25 pairs of craniofacial landmarks, defined as direct Euclidean distance (in mm) between the two points.

Geometric morphometric approach based on 3D facial surface analysis of geodesic distances between 25 pairs of craniofacial landmarks, defined as the shortest distance (in mm) between two points when following the contour of the face/skin.

Geometric morphometric approach based on 3D facial surface analysis of angular measurements between 25 pairs of craniofacial landmarks, defined as the angles (in degree) between sets of three landmarks.

Comparison between the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated using respiratory muscle EMG

Comparison between the AHI obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated taking into account hypoventilation and flow limitation

Comparison between the AHI obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated taking into account autonomic arousals using the pulse wave amplitude

Comparison between the AHI obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated using the pulse transit time

Comparison between the AHI obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated using mandibular movements

Comparison between the AHI obtained from the P(S)G and the AHI calculated using cerebral oxygenation desaturations

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and respiratory muscles power by EMG.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and hypoventilation and flow limitation scores by P(S)G.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and autonomic arousals using pulse wave amplitude by pulse oximetry.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and pulse transit time analysis by ECG.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and mandibular movement analysis by non-invasive magnetic distance sensors.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and cerebral oxygenation analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Correlation between clinical signs by questionnaire and the type of CAP by EEG.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and respiratory muscles power by EMG.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and hypoventilation and flow limitation scores by P(S)G.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and autonomic arousals using pulse wave amplitude.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and pulse transit time analysis.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and mandibular movement analysis by non-invasive magnetic distance sensors.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and cerebral oxygenation analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Correlation between pulse oximetry and the type of CAP.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and respiratory muscles EMG.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and hypoventilation and flow limitation scores by P(S)G.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and autonomic arousals using pulse wave amplitude.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and pulse transit time analysis.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and mandibular movement analysis by non-invasive magnetic distance sensors.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and cerebral oxygenation analysis.

Correlation between sleep questionnaires and the type of CAP.

Correlation between psychological and neuropsychological scores and the different calculated AHI.

Correlation between psychological and neuropsychological scores and the types of CAP.

Correlation between psychological and mean nocturnal cerebral oxygenation.

Correlation between the AHI obtained from P(S)G and the AHI obtained using respiratory inductance plethysmography.

Correlations between sleep stages obtained from PSG and sleep stages from a sleep headband.

Correlations between the sleep stages and AHI obtained from manual analysis of PSG and an automatic analysis.

Comparison of neurodevelopment evaluation using the Griffiths-III between baseline and 1 year following treatment for severe or moderate-to-severe (pubescent patient) obstructive sleep apnea. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Comparison of neurodevelopment evaluation using the WPPSI-IV between baseline and 1 year following treatment for severe or moderate-to-severe (pubescent patient) obstructive sleep apnea. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Comparison of neurodevelopment evaluation using the WISC-V between baseline and 1 year following treatment for severe or moderate-to-severe (pubescent patient) obstructive sleep apnea. Mean normal score is 100 ± 15. Abnormal for a score <70.

Comparison of the percentage of types of CAP between baseline and 1 year following treatment.

Comparison of mean cerebral oxygenation between baseline and 1 year following treatment.

Comparison of PSQI scores between baseline and 1 year following treatment. PSQI max score = 21. Threshold values for the PSQI scale: 0-4: Good, 5-8: Moderate, >9: Bad sleep quality.

Comparison of ESS scores between baseline and 1 year following treatment. ESS max score = 33. Threshold values for the ESS scale: <8: No, 9-14: Moderate, >15: Severe sleepiness.