SLE Severity Linked to Vitamin D Via Treg Cells in Pediatric Patients

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems and often begins during childhood or adolescence. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role in suppressing autoimmune responses, and several studies have shown that patients with SLE tend to have reduced numbers and/or function of Treg cells. Vitamin D has been reported to enhance Treg cell differentiation and function, suggesting a potential immunomodulatory role.

This cross-sectional observational study aims to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D status and disease severity in pediatric patients with SLE by examining the role of Treg cells as a potential mediator. Pediatric patients aged 7 to 18 years who are diagnosed with SLE and receiving care at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, between March and December 2024 will be included. Serum 25(OH)D levels will be measured using ELISA, and Treg cell percentages will be assessed via flow cytometry. Disease severity will be determined using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).

Findings from this study are expected to provide insight into the immunological mechanism involving vitamin D and Treg cells in pediatric SLE and potentially guide future interventions or supplementation strategies.

Inclusion criteria

• Children aged 7 to 18 years.
• Diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) based on ACR or SLICC classification criteria.
• Receiving care or follow-up at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang during the study period and willing to participate in the study and provide informed consent (from parents or guardians).

Exclusion criteria

• Currently receiving vitamin D supplementation or medications known to influence vitamin D metabolism (e.g., anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids in high doses, etc.).
• Diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, liver disease, or malabsorption disorders.
• Diagnosed with other autoimmune diseases besides SLE.
• Presence of acute infection or fever at the time of data collection.
• Incomplete clinical or laboratory data required for analysis (e.g., missing ELISA or flow cytometry results).