Sex-specific Association With Kidney Disease

In the present study, three cohorts of type 1 diabetic patients (one Brazilian and two French/Belgium cohorts) were studied for the association with diabetic nephropathy (DN) with a total of 1396 patients. The patients were classified according to the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) or urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in absence of nephropathy, defined as ACR <30 mg/g or UAER < 20 µg/min or < 20 mg/L and plasma creatinine <1.7 mg/dL; incipient nephropathy, defined as persistent microalbuminuria (ACR 30 - 300 mg/g of creatinine or UAER 20 - 200 µg/min or 20 - 200 mg/L) and plasma creatinine <1.7 mg/dL; established diabetic nephropathy, defined as past or present macroalbuminuria (ACR >300 mg/g of creatinine or UAER >200 µg/min or > 200 mg/L) and plasma creatinine <1.7 mg/dL; advanced diabetic nephropathy, defined as past or present macroalbuminuria, plasma creatinine >1.7 mg/dL and any renal replacement therapy. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by Real Time PCR using fluorescent-labelled probes.

Inclusion criteria

• Overt 10 years of Diabetes Mellitus (Brazilian cohort)
• Diagnostic of diabetes before the age of 35 years, with initial ketosis and requirement for permanent insulin treatment within 1 year of diagnosis and past or present diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. (Genesis cohort).
• Diagnostic of diabetes before the age of 35 years and past or present diagnosis of severe diabetic retinopathy. (GENEDIAB cohort).

Exclusion criteria

• Patients presenting autoimmune diseases, HIV or HCV infections (Brazilian cohort)
• Patients with glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL min-1 1.73 m2 without diabetic retinopathy (Brazilian cohort)
• Terminal cancer and personal disability (GENEDIAB cohort).