Serum circ_DLGAP4, lncRNA KCNQ1OT1, and Their Targets by Erythropoietin Resistance in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a rising global health challenge, with a median prevalence of 9.5%. In Egypt, an estimated 7.1 million individuals are affected, and the prevalence is expected to increase with the growing incidence of hypertension and diabetes. CKD is now the seventh leading global cause of death, particularly burdening low- and middle-income countries where access to kidney replacement therapy (KRT)-such as dialysis or transplantation-is limited and costly. Early detection and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are essential to delay disease progression and reduce adverse outcomes.

Although urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are the clinical standards for CKD diagnosis and staging, both have significant limitations. These include variability, limited sensitivity/specificity, and confounding non-renal factors. Kidney biopsy, while more accurate, is invasive and not routinely feasible. Moreover, controlling traditional risk factors (e.g., hyperglycemia, hypertension) may still fail to prevent progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), which is frequently complicated by anemia and early mortality. This highlights the urgent need for non-invasive, sensitive biomarkers that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment guidance.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including circular RNAs (circRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as promising biomarkers due to their stability in circulation and tissue-specific expression. circRNAs, formed by back-splicing, regulate gene expression by acting as miRNA sponges and are implicated in various kidney disorders, including CKD. Among them, circ_DLGAP4, derived from exons 8-10 of the DLGAP4 gene, has been shown to promote mesangial cell fibrosis and progression of diabetic kidney disease in animal models, though its clinical relevance in human CKD remains unclear.

lncRNAs, such as KCNQ1OT1, also play key roles in CKD pathogenesis by modulating inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. KCNQ1OT1, located on chromosome 11p15.5, acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for several miRNAs and is associated with renal fibrosis and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Both circ_DLGAP4 and KCNQ1OT1 are known to target miR-9, a miRNA involved in podocyte dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, and cancer-related processes. One of the validated targets of miR-9 is SOX7, a transcription factor involved in vascular development and kidney graft rejection. Despite the theoretical links among these molecules, their integrated roles in CKD pathophysiology are not fully understood.

Hemodialysis (HD) remains a cornerstone for managing advanced CKD. However, patients on maintenance HD (MHD) face high morbidity and mortality. Anemia is nearly universal in ESKD patients and significantly affects their quality of life and survival. Although erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have improved anemia management, a substantial proportion of patients exhibit ESA resistance, leading to increased risks and treatment challenges. ESA hypo-responsiveness-characterized by insufficient hemoglobin response despite high ESA doses-is associated with increased mortality.

Given the biological plausibility and clinical accessibility of ncRNAs in serum, their levels may aid in early detection, prognosis, and treatment stratification in CKD. This study therefore investigated the clinical relevance of serum circ_DLGAP4, KCNQ1OT1, miR-9, and their common downstream target SOX7 across different CKD stages, including patients on MHD. A particular focus was placed on exploring their association with ESA resistance in MHD patients.

Inclusion criteria

• adult patients (> 18 years) with a final clinical diagnosis of CKD with a category G2-G5
• mild to severe albuminuria (A1-A3),
• patients with an eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (kidney failure or ESKD) undergoing HD.

Exclusion criteria

• Subjects having < 18 years of age,
• non-compliant persons,
• smokers,
• patients with low risk of CKD (category G1),
• kidney transplant recipients,
• individuals in critical conditions, those with acute kidney injury, ischemic heart disease, cancer, or those receiving chemotherapy, or having cognitive impairment