Self-Management in Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

Average sleep duration as assessed as the average minutes per night participants spent asleep over the 7-14 days preceding each time point (Change in sleep duration (longer sleep duration indicates improvement).

Change in time in range 70-180mg/dL over the monitoring period (7-14 days). Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) data downloaded directly from each participant's existing or provided blinded Dexcom G6 [trademark]

Change in Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) scores. The DSMQ is a 27-item scale assessing behaviors and activities related to diabetes self-management. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (does not apply to me) to 3 (applies to me very much), and items scores are summed/transformed to a total score (range 0 to 10) reflecting overall diabetes self-management, with higher scores indicating better self-management skills (better outcome). This outcome represents the change in scores from baseline to post intervention. Diabetes self-management is an ongoing process where individuals actively manage their condition to maintain optimal blood sugar levels, prevent complications, and improve their overall quality of life.

Change in executive function (lower scores indicate improvement). The Trail Making Test (TMT) consists of two parts, A and B, which assess performance/cognitive function as the time taken to complete each part in seconds. In Part A, numbered circles (1-25) are connected in ascending order as quickly as possible. In Part B, circles are connected in ascending order with the added task of alternating between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B, etc.). Both parts are summed and scored based on the time taken to complete the task, with higher scores (longer time) indicating greater cognitive impairment.

Change in general distress (lower scores indicate improvement). The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Distress-Depression Short Form is an 8-item instrument to assess depression symptoms. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always). Total raw scores range from 8-40 with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.

Change in diabetes distress (lower scores indicate improvement). The Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) is a 17-item tool to measure emotional distress as experienced by individuals living with diabetes. Each item is scored on a 6-point Likert scale from 1 (Not a Problem) to 6 (A Very Serious Problem) with a total score range of 17-102

Change in diabetes physical symptoms (lower scores indicate improvement). The Diabetes Symptom Checklist Revised (DSC-R) is a 34-item checklist to assess type 2 diabetes symptom burden using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Extremely) with a total score range of 0-170 where higher scores indicate increased symptom burden

Change in Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) score. The PVT as administered by the PVT-192 device (Ambulatory Monitoring) measures reaction time to assess alertness as an effect of sleep deprivation. Reactions are measure in time by seconds, where lower time scores in seconds indicating greater levels of alertness.