Self-management and Quality of Life in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

There is no specific score range.High scores on the scale indicate good self-management (SMQ), and low scores indicate poor self-management.

In the intervention group, no significant change was observed in SMQ general score averages between PT2 and IT values compared to PT1. Similarly, no significant change was observed in PT2 values compared to PT1 regarding the control group score averages.

DM was assessed with the Self-Efficacy Scale (DSMS). The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 20, and the highest score is 100. In the sample, the scale score average is calculated and individuals who are above the average are evaluated as high self-efficacy, and individuals below the average are evaluated as low self-efficacy.

In the study, while the overall median score of DSMS in the intervention group showed a significant decrease in PT2 and IT values compared to PT1, no significant change was observed in the median DSMS scores of the control group.

Evaluated by WHOQOL - BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale - Short Form). It has four sub-dimensions: physical health such as pain, sleep, energy, psychological health such as positive emotions, self-confidence, body image, social relations such as social support, personal relations and environmental health such as economic status, transportation, safe environment and health conditions. A high score indicates a high quality of life.

In the intervention group, no significant change was observed in the median values of physical health, psychological health, social relations, and environmental health, which are WHOQOL subscales, in PT2 and IT values compared to PT1. Compared to PT1 regarding the median score of the control group's social relations, a minimum significant increase was observed in PT2 values, but no significant change was found in other subscales

HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin). Indicates the average blood glucose value over the last 2 to 3 months. The HbA1c reference range should be 5.7-6.4%. HbA1c level ≥6.5% or ≤5.6 poor glycemic control.

In the intervention group, a significant decrease in the mean values of HbA1c, metabolic variables was observed compared to PT1 (9,53 ± 2,34) and PT2 ( 8,54 ± 1,77).

It is the glucose value (plasma glucose) measured from a blood sample taken after eight or twelve hours of fasting. The normal reference range is min 80 mg/dl - max 130 mg/dl. FBS level ≥130 mg/dl or ≤80 mg/dl poor glycemic control.

In the intervention group, a significant decrease in the mean values of FBS metabolic variables was observed compared to PT1 (224,77 ± 101,57) and PT2 (168,53 ± 65,27).

PBS is the plasma glucose value measured two hours after the start of food intake after an eight-hour fast. The reference range is 140-199 mg/dl. TKS ≥200 mg/dl or ≤139 mg/dl a weak glycemic control.

Compared to PT1 (289,13 ± 114,06), the decrease in PBS mean values in PT2 (264,93 ± 91,55) were not significant change was found.

A blood sample taken after eight or twelve hours of fasting is used to determine the fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride) values. Fasting lipid profile reference range is (Total cholesterol 20 - 200 mg/dl, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) reference range is 35 - 65 mg/dl, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) reference range is 60 - 130 mg/dl, Triglyceride reference range is 20 - 203 mg/dl). Values less or higher than the specified values are considered as negative cholesterol levels.

In the intervention group, a significant decrease in the mean values of total cholesterol was observed compared to PT1(192,87 ± 35,87) and PT2 (183,37 ± 36,26) measurements. Compared to PT1, although the decrease in LDL mean values and triglyceride median values in PT2 measurements were not significant, no significant change was found in the HDL value.

It was evaluated with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The lowest score that can be obtained from the entire scale is 12, and the highest score is 84. A high score indicates high perceived social support.

In the intervention group, the social support (MSPSS) general score median values caused a significant and moderate increase in PT2 and İT values compared to PT1. No significant change was observed between the median scores of the control group.