Self-care Behaviors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is the self-report tool used to measure self-care dimensions: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management.The self-care maintenance scale measures adherence to main diabetes treatments (i.e. medication, diet exercise). The self-care monitoring scale includes body listening behaviours, such as blood glucose or blood pressure monitoring and symptom recognition behaviours. The self-care management scale includes those behaviours performed by patients to manage symptoms, high or low blood glucose levels, and health problems when they occur. Furthermore, the SCODI allows to measure self-care confidence that is the degree of confidence a patient has in her/his ability to perform adequate self-care. A 5-points Likert type scale measures every item of the SCODI. All the SCODI scales provide a 0-100 standardized score where higher scores mean better self-care.

The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is the self-report tool used to measure self-care dimensions: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management.The self-care maintenance scale measures adherence to main diabetes treatments (i.e. medication, diet exercise). The self-care monitoring scale includes body listening behaviours, such as blood glucose or blood pressure monitoring and symptom recognition behaviours. The self-care management scale includes those behaviours performed by patients to manage symptoms, high or low blood glucose levels, and health problems when they occur. Furthermore, the SCODI allows to measure self-care confidence that is the degree of confidence a patient has in her/his ability to perform adequate self-care. A 5-points Likert type scale measures every item of the SCODI. All the SCODI scales provide a 0-100 standardized score where higher scores mean better self-care.

The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is the self-report tool used to measure self-care dimensions: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management.The self-care maintenance scale measures adherence to main diabetes treatments (i.e. medication, diet exercise). The self-care monitoring scale includes body listening behaviours, such as blood glucose or blood pressure monitoring and symptom recognition behaviours. The self-care management scale includes those behaviours performed by patients to manage symptoms, high or low blood glucose levels, and health problems when they occur. Furthermore, the SCODI allows to measure self-care confidence that is the degree of confidence a patient has in her/his ability to perform adequate self-care. A 5-points Likert type scale measures every item of the SCODI. All the SCODI scales provide a 0-100 standardized score where higher scores mean better self-care.

The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is the self-report tool used to measure self-care dimensions: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management.The self-care maintenance scale measures adherence to main diabetes treatments (i.e. medication, diet exercise). The self-care monitoring scale includes body listening behaviours, such as blood glucose or blood pressure monitoring and symptom recognition behaviours. The self-care management scale includes those behaviours performed by patients to manage symptoms, high or low blood glucose levels, and health problems when they occur. Furthermore, the SCODI allows to measure self-care confidence that is the degree of confidence a patient has in her/his ability to perform adequate self-care. A 5-points Likert type scale measures every item of the SCODI. All the SCODI scales provide a 0-100 standardized score where higher scores mean better self-care.

The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is the self-report tool used to measure self-care dimensions: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management.The self-care maintenance scale measures adherence to main diabetes treatments (i.e. medication, diet exercise). The self-care monitoring scale includes body listening behaviours, such as blood glucose or blood pressure monitoring and symptom recognition behaviours. The self-care management scale includes those behaviours performed by patients to manage symptoms, high or low blood glucose levels, and health problems when they occur. Furthermore, the SCODI allows to measure self-care confidence that is the degree of confidence a patient has in her/his ability to perform adequate self-care. A 5-points Likert type scale measures every item of the SCODI. All the SCODI scales provide a 0-100 standardized score where higher scores mean better self-care.

Blood glycated hemoglobin measured in both mmol/mol and % was used as an index of patients' glycemic control.

Blood glycated hemoglobin measured in both mmol/mol and % was used as an index of patients' glycemic control.

Blood glycated hemoglobin measured in both mmol/mol and % was used as an index of patients' glycemic control.

Blood concentration of Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides measured in mg/dL.

Blood concentration of Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides measured in mg/dL.

Blood concentration of Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, and Triglycerides measured in mg/dL.

Blood concentration of Creatinine measured in mg/dL.

Blood concentration of Creatinine measured in mg/dL.

Blood concentration of Creatinine measured in mg/dL.

GFR estimation measured in mL/min/1.73m² from age, gender, and blood creatinine [1] using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) 2021 formula.

GFR estimation measured in mL/min/1.73m² from age, gender, and blood creatinine [2] using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) 2021 formula.

GFR estimation measured in mL/min/1.73m² from age, gender, and blood creatinine [3] using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) 2021 formula.

Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) blood level measured in U/L.

Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) blood level measured in U/L.

Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) blood level measured in U/L.

The height measured in meters.

The weight detected on the scale during the visit and measured in kg.

The weight detected on the scale during the visit and measured in kg.

The weight detected on the scale during the visit and measured in kg.

Abdominal circumference measurement in cm.

Abdominal circumference measurement in cm.

Abdominal circumference measurement in cm.

The BMI measured in kg/m² from height and weight [1].

The BMI measured in kg/m² from height and weight [2].

The BMI measured in kg/m² from height and weight [3].

The systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured di mmHg.

The systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured di mmHg.

The systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured di mmHg.

The pulse rate measured in beats per minute (bpm).

The pulse rate measured in beats per minute (bpm).

The pulse rate measured in beats per minute (bpm).

The SF-12 evaluates the functional and mental well-being status. It has a 4 week retrospective span and inquires personal and social discomfort disabilities and self-description of the level of health perceived. It can be self-administered and it counts 12 items.

The SF-12 evaluates the functional and mental well-being status. It has a 4 week retrospective span and inquires personal and social discomfort disabilities and self-description of the level of health perceived. It can be self-administered and it counts 12 items.

The SF-12 evaluates the functional and mental well-being status. It has a 4 week retrospective span and inquires personal and social discomfort disabilities and self-description of the level of health perceived. It can be self-administered and it counts 12 items.

The EQ-5D-3L is a self-report tool, composed of 5 items of multiple questions that investigate the quality of life. Questions are about movement, hygiene, daily living activities tolerance, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. A Visual Analogue Scale is included in order to assess a general health status level as perceived by patients

The EQ-5D-3L is a self-report tool, composed of 5 items of multiple questions that investigate the quality of life. Questions are about movement, hygiene, daily living activities tolerance, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. A Visual Analogue Scale is included in order to assess a general health status level as perceived by patients

The EQ-5D-3L is a self-report tool, composed of 5 items of multiple questions that investigate the quality of life. Questions are about movement, hygiene, daily living activities tolerance, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. A Visual Analogue Scale is included in order to assess a general health status level as perceived by patients

The EQ-5D-3L is a self-report tool, composed of 5 items of multiple questions that investigate the quality of life. Questions are about movement, hygiene, daily living activities tolerance, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. A Visual Analogue Scale is included in order to assess a general health status level as perceived by patients

The EQ-5D-3L is a self-report tool, composed of 5 items of multiple questions that investigate the quality of life. Questions are about movement, hygiene, daily living activities tolerance, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. A Visual Analogue Scale is included in order to assess a general health status level as perceived by patients

The PAID-5 is composed by 5 items and it can be self-administered. It has satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for recognition of diabetes-related emotional distress. The final score is between 0 and 100 points: a score higher than 40 points has been significantly associated to development of depression and other negative psychological outcomes.

The PAID-5 is composed by 5 items and it can be self-administered. It has satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for recognition of diabetes-related emotional distress. The final score is between 0 and 100 points: a score higher than 40 points has been significantly associated to development of depression and other negative psychological outcomes.

The PAID-5 is composed by 5 items and it can be self-administered. It has satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for recognition of diabetes-related emotional distress. The final score is between 0 and 100 points: a score higher than 40 points has been significantly associated to development of depression and other negative psychological outcomes.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a tool for assessing sleep quality. It comprises 19 items and it is self-administered. It provides a good and reliable differentiation between normal and pathological groups, with higher scores (cut-off 5 and higher) reported by people characterised by more impaired sleep quality.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a tool for assessing sleep quality. It comprises 19 items and it is self-administered. It provides a good and reliable differentiation between normal and pathological groups, with higher scores (cut-off 5 and higher) reported by people characterised by more impaired sleep quality.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index is a tool for assessing sleep quality. It comprises 19 items and it is self-administered. It provides a good and reliable differentiation between normal and pathological groups, with higher scores (cut-off 5 and higher) reported by people characterised by more impaired sleep quality.

Any referral or unplanned diabetes visit, request for home care assistance, hospitalisation, access to emergency care, death, received diabetes education in the last year.

Any referral or unplanned diabetes visit, request for home care assistance, hospitalisation, access to emergency care, death, received diabetes education in the last year.

Any referral or unplanned diabetes visit, request for home care assistance, hospitalisation, access to emergency care, death, received diabetes education in the last year.