Sedation for Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

It was a single-center open-labeled Prospective Randomized study. After approval of the study by the institutional ethical committee & obtaining written informed consent, 90 patients scheduled for ERCP procedure were randomized by using the block randomization method into the following three groups, Group A (n=30)-The intravenous infusion of propofol was administered for the ERCP procedure based on clinical judgment and the patient's requirement.

Group B (n=30) - The intravenous infusion of propofol was administered for ERCP procedure titrated to BIS value 60-80.

Group C (n=30) - Patients received 75 mg of inj. Diclofenac sodium (diluted in 100 ml of 0.9 % normal saline) intravenously 30 mins before the start of procedure & topical pharyngeal anesthesia with 4 squirts of 10% lidocaine spray ( one squirt each to posterior pharyngeal wall, base of tongue, and bilateral palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds ) 5 mins before the start of ERCP procedure. Intravenous infusion of propofol was administered for ERCP procedure titrated to BIS value 60-80.

In all three groups, after completing the standard pre-anesthesia checklist, patients were positioned in the semi prone-position and standard ASA monitors were attached (electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, and non-invasive blood pressure, EtCO2). Also, the BIS monitor was attached in group B & group C. Baseline values were noted before the start of sedation. Supplemental oxygen was provided by nasal prongs @ 2/min. Patients in all groups were sedated with an initial bolus dose of fentanyl 1 mcg/kg & propofol 1-1.5 mg/kg intravenously. Sedation was maintained with propofol infusion at the rate of 80-100 mcg/kg/min. In group A, propofol sedation was further titrated based on clinical judgment and patient's requirement. Whereas in group B & group C, propofol sedation was further titrated to maintain a BIS value between 60-80. If the patient moves despite BIS 60-80, an additional bolus of 30 mg i.v. propofol was administered. In addition to these, i.v. fentanyl 25mcg was administered as a rescue analgesic.All pre-procedure drugs were administered in the preoperative room with standard ASA monitoring.

Hemodynamic parameters were monitored at 5-min intervals. The incidence and number of episodes of patient's movements, cough/gag reflex, and hiccups were noted. The incidence of desaturation (fall in oxygen saturation < 94 % with oxygen supplementation), hypotension (17) (defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mm of Hg ), and bradycardia (defined as HR < 50 beats per minute) was also be noted. Standard anesthesia protocol was followed for the management of desaturation and hemodynamic instability. Desaturation was managed by chin lift & jaw thrust maneuver. The nasal airway was inserted if deemed necessary by the concerned anesthetist. Further, if desaturation persists & lack of respiratory effort is seen for more than 20 seconds, sedation was discontinued, and mask ventilation is initiated in the lateral position. Insertion of supraglottic airway devise or tracheal intubation (after turning the patient supine) performed as per anesthetist discretion and the patient will be excluded from the study. Hypotension managed with 6-12 mg of intravenous ephedrine or a fluid bolus of 500 cc of plasmalyte. Bradycardia is managed by 0.6 mg of intravenous atropine.

At the end of the procedure, propofol infusion was stopped and the total dose of propofol administered in mg/kg/hr was calculated. Thereafter, time to achieve eye-opening to verbal commands was calculated.

Post-procedure, patients were nursed in the left lateral position, and vitals (HR, NIBP, SpO2) was noted every 5 mins. Also, readiness to discharge is assessed by the noting post-anesthesia discharge score (PADS) every 15 mins. For patients having breakthrough pain, 1 gram iv paracetamol was administered in all the groups. The endpoint of complete recovery was a PADS score of 10. Also at the end of the procedure, the endoscopist was asked to grade ease of procedure based on 1=poor, 2=fair, 3=acceptable, 4=good, 5=excellent scale.

At the time of discharge, the patient's satisfaction for the ERCP procedure was grade on 1=unacceptable, 2=extremely uncomfortable, 3=slightly uncomfortable, 4=no discomfort scale.

Inclusion criteria

• Age between 18-65 yrs
• ASA I & II

Exclusion criteria

• Age < 18 yrs & > 65 yrs
• ASA III & IV patients
• Chronic Liver Disease
• Pregnant patients
• Patients with a history of (H/O) Drug abuse
• Patients refusing consent
• H/o Acute kidney injury
• H/o allergy to propofol / lidocaine/ NSAIDS
• Post liver transplant patients
• Patients with h/o egg allergy