School Readiness in Preschool-Aged Children With Cerebral Palsy

Introduction and Purpose Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a congenital non-progressive motor disorder caused by a brain lesion that occurs in the early stages of development and persists throughout adulthood. CP is one of the most common disabilities in childhood, with a prevalence of 3.3 per 1,000 children in the United States. It is noted that "children with disabilities have a greater risk of poor or sub-optimal development in early childhood compared to children without disabilities". Due to the nature of CP, the child and their families can experience many limitations in their day-to-day lives and how they participate in their environment. Many of these limitations are brought to light when the child is ready to enter school. It is essential that children with CP and their families understand their child's strengths and areas of need in order to ensure that their child is offered the requisite support services that adequately prepare them for school enrolment. The purpose of this study is to determine if an intensive school readiness program for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), is feasible and acceptable, and to gain an understanding of the impact of the program on school readiness.

Background "School readiness is a framework for assessing the strengths and vulnerabilities of a child prior to school". Preschool-age children with CP perform significantly lower than their typically developing peers in the areas of mobility, self-care, social function, and communication. Because school readiness is lower in children with disabilities, underachievement and lack of social-emotional skills can further affect how the child develops into adulthood and possibly change the course of their lives. There is very little research regarding school readiness programs specifically for children with cerebral palsy, but other programs that promote school readiness for children on a universal level have shown to be effective.

The school readiness framework can be used to assess a child's strengths and weaknesses in the context of transitioning to entering school. School readiness is the child's ability to participate in 5 major skill areas: (1) health and physical development, (2) emotional well-being and social competence, (3) approaches to learning, (4) communication skills, and (5) cognitive skills and general knowledge. Research indicates children with disabilities encounter challenges in the school setting secondary to poor teacher training, lack of support, decreased social experience, and physical barriers. Understanding the areas that children with CP have deficits in and how we can intervene at an early age can help reduce poor academic performance as the child ages. Studies have shown that providing a school readiness program to any child, typically developing or not, not only increases success in the classroom but can also be an investment in the community's future. School readiness programs can have a positive impact on the community for up to 60 years or more due to increased success of children at an early age carrying on into adulthood. Therefore, there is a need to develop and test a school readiness program that (1) identifies the strengths and areas in need of intervention, (2) educates caregivers on their child's strengths/needs and available resources, and (3) provides intensive therapeutic intervention aimed to address the individual school readiness goals of the child.

Intervention The School Readiness Program is a 64 hour intensive therapy program focused on school readiness skills for young children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). The program will include 64 hours of intervention supporting development and goal attainment across 5 school readiness domains: (1) health and physical development, (2) emotional well-being and social competence, (3) approaches to learning, (4) communication skills, and (5) cognitive skills and general knowledge.

Participants will complete 64 hours of intervention focused on school readiness. Each participant will have an interventionist who is an allied health student with a ratio of 1 child to 1 interventionist or 2 children to 1 interventionist. The interventionists will be trained and overseen by licensed occupational therapists. Each week will have a theme to promote engagement and motivation to participate (i.e. animals, outer space, etc). Each of the five domains will be addressed in each session, and the activities will be tailored to support the individual goals of the participant using a goal-directed training approach. A goal-directed training approach includes the child, caregiver, and researcher collaboratively setting goals that are meaningful to the child and their family. Intervention strategies for goal attainment will include both remediation of skills (i.e. learning to button a button) or the accommodation of skills (i.e. using Velcro instead of a button) depending on the child's goals and current ability. The primary focus of the intervention will be goal attainment related to school readiness. Sessions that are missed due to unexpected or unplanned circumstances (illness, loss of transportation, etc) can be made up via an in-person or virtual session.

Caregivers will be educated on their child's diagnosis, the components of the program, and additional resources that support the child's transition into school. Caregivers will also receive a report including a summary of strengths and areas that are challenging for the child. The goal of the School Readiness program is for children with UCP to increase independence in school readiness activities and to educate the child's caregiver on topics and strategies that will promote a successful transition into school for the child.

Inclusion criteria

• ages 3 years to 5 years 11 months
• unilateral cerebral palsy
• ability to visually attend to objects
• demonstrates an interest in objects
• attempt to reach for or grasp an item with the impaired upper extremity
• English-speaking participants

Exclusion criteria

• uncontrolled epilepsy
• significant visual impairment
• severe behavioral problems
• inability to complete the assessment protocol