Scavenging of Reactive Carbonyl Species by Dietary Flavonoids in Humans

A crossover design was used. Sixteen healthy volunteers (16 for each study, in total 48) were recruited and asked to avoid the consumption of any soymilk, green tea, and blueberry products starting 1 week before intervention and continuing throughout the entire study for a total of 3 weeks.

On week 2, each of the eight participants received 460 ml of soymilk, green tea, and blueberry in a single dose, and afterward, urine and blood samples at different time points over 24 h and fecal samples at different time points over 48 h were collected. Meanwhile, the other eight participants received breakfast (without any soymilk, green tea, and blueberry) at different time points over 48 h were collected.

On the contrary, on week 3, eight participants who received regular milk or water on week 2 received breakfast only, and eight participants who were used as a control on week 2 received soymilk, green tea, and blueberry. And urine and blood samples at different time points over 24 h, and fecal samples at different time points over 48 h for both groups were collected.

Samples will be analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The Pharmacokinetics of conjugates will be investigated.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 25-70 years
• BMI between 18 and 30
• Have no known allergy to soy milk
• Be not taking antibiotics for six months
• Be not currently taking medication

• No taking any prescription drugs
• If supplements were taken, flavonoid-enriched supplements (see list below) should be avoided.

Major brands Notes: All flavonoid-enriched supplements should be avoided. Soy Isoflavones/ tea/blueberry Lipo-Flavonoid Citrus Bioflavonoids Complex Super Flavonoids Super Antioxidants Quercetin Supplement Essential-C and flavonoids Milk Thistle Other flavonoids supplements, including but not limited: Luteolin, Rutin, etc

• No any drugs or supplements within three weeks of the experiment
• Be nonsmoking
• Have no alcoholic intoxication

• No alcoholic addiction
• < 3-4 drinks per week (less than 2 glasses (300 mL) per drink)
• No alcohol within 3 three weeks of the experiment
• Have no extended exposure to industrial wastes

Exclusion criteria

• Disease: gout, heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, degenerative kidney, degenerative liver, diabetes, GI disorders, or endocrine disorders
• Cancer patients

• Currently diagnosed cancer patients will be excluded;
• Medication free for >2 years could be considered;