Sarcopenia and Risk of Falls in Patients With Major Chronic Diseases

distance: 6m, patients can walk with foor orthosis and assistive devices

Use a grip force meter (kg) to test both hands for test 3 times

Use computerized dynography to measure the postural sway displacement (mm)

Use computerized dynography to measure the postural sway velocity (mm/s)

Use computerized dynography to measure the postural sway area (mm^2)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: step time (ms)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: stance time (ms)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: swing time (ms)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: single support time (ms)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: double support time (ms)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: step distance (mm)

Use computerized dynography to measure spatial gait parameter: stance distance (mm)

Use ultrasound to assess muscles morphological parameter: thickness (mm). Target muscles include quadriceps, hamstring, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius.

Use ultrasound to assess muscles morphological parameter: fiber length (mm). Target muscles include quadriceps, hamstring, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius.

Use ultrasound to assess muscles morphological parameter: fiber orientation angle (degrees). Target muscles include quadriceps, hamstring, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius.

Use ultrasound to assess muscles morphological parameter: cross-sectional area (mm^2).

Target muscles include quadriceps, hamstring, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius.

Heart rate (HR: beats/min) and walking speed (m/s) have been previously shown to be linearly related to oxygen uptake at sub-maximal exercise levels. Combination of these two parameters yields a single value in beats per meter, the physiological cost index (PCI). This is calculated as Working HR - Resting HR (beats/min) / Walking speed (m/s)

including 8 health concepts: (1) physical functioning, (2) role limitations because of physical health problems; (3) bodily pain, (4) social functioning, (5) general mental health (psychological distress and psychological wellbeing), (6) role limitations because of emotional problems, (7) vitality (energy/fatigue), (8) general health perceptions.

Scoring: answers to each question are scored which are then summed and transformed to a 0 - 100 scale.

The lower the score the more disability. The higher the score the less disability i.e., a score of zero is equivalent to maximum disability and a score of 100 is equivalent to no disability.

use electromyography to measure the muscles activity in microvolts (uv) included quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius during subject walking in self-selected speed in 6 meters.

The concentration of CRP in the blood test. CRP is used mainly as a marker of inflammation.

The concentration of ALB in the blood test. Albumin is the most important contributor to the maintenance of plasma colloid oncotic pressure; deficiency results in edema.

The concentration of GFR in the blood test. The glomerular filtration rate is the best test to measure the patient's level of kidney function and determine the stage of kidney disease. It can calculate it from the results of the blood creatinine test.

The concentration of Hb in the blood test.

The concentration of Glucose SPOT in the blood test. TheSpot glucose measurement in epidermal interstitial fluid appears to be a promising alternative to capillary blood glucose estimation

The concentration of Cholesterol in the blood test.

The concentration of Triglyceride in the blood test.

The concentration of Transferrin in the blood test.

including 14 items which are scored on a 5 points scale (0-4). The degree of success in achieving each task is given a score of zero (unable) to four (independent), and the final measure is the sum of all of the scores.

The item scores are summed, minimum score =0, maximum score = 56

Items are scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = cannot perform; 1 = performs partially; 2 = performs fully) Maximum Score = 226 points The 5 domains assessed include, Motor function (UE maximum score = 66; LE maximum score = 34), Sensory function (maximum score = 24), Balance (maximum score = 14), Joint range of motion (maximum score = 44), Joint pain (maximum score = 44)

(body weight) kg/(height) m*(height)m

It is an 11-question measure that tests five areas of cognitive function:

orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language. The maximum score is 30. A score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment.

measures resistance during passive soft-tissue stretching, the score is ranged from 0-4 0: No increase in muscle tone

• Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM
• More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved
• Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
• Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension

measure the muscle tone (kg/m) under muscle resting. Target muscles are quadricep, hamstring, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius.