Safety of a Healthy Plant-based Diet With Higher Potassium Content, Compared to a Healthy Plant-based Diet With Limited Potassium Content in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study

The overall aim of the project is to investigate whether a liberal plant-based diet, rich in fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and nuts, can be recommended to patients with mild to advanced kidney disease without leading to hyperkalemia. Traditionally, dietary advice for chronic kidney disease (CKD) has focused on potassium restriction, which has led to reduced intake of healthy foods and thereby poorer diet quality. This project aims to challenge this view by shifting the focus from potassium content itself to overall diet quality, with a particular focus on patient-centered outcomes such as safety, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, acceptance and sensory effects (taste sensitivity).

The study addresses an important knowledge gap in current nutritional guidelines for patients with kidney disease. The latest recommendations emphasize individualization and maintaining normal potassium levels, rather than general restrictions, but this advice is based on limited evidence and has not yet been tested in longer clinical studies.

This project is therefore limited to conducting a 6-month pilot study with a randomized controlled design. The focus is primarily on safety outcomes, especially the occurrence of hyperkalemia, and secondarily on patient-reported outcomes, dietary acceptance, and taste experience. Metabolic effects are not examined in detail in this study, but the results will form the basis for a larger follow-up study with a broader focus on long-term metabolic and clinical benefits.

The project's main scientific question is whether it is safe for patients with moderate to advanced kidney disease to eat a plant-based diet without restricting potassium-rich foods. In current clinical practice, patients are advised to avoid fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts, despite the fact that an increasing number of studies suggest that potassium from whole plant-based foods does not necessarily lead to dangerously high potassium levels in the blood. The study defines the following outcome measures:

Primary outcome: Time to first hyperkalemia event (plasma potassium > 5.5 mmol/L). Number of hyperkalemia events in the two groups during the 22-26 weeks following randomization. Potassium as a continuous variable.

Secondary endpoints: Patient-reported endpoints, quality of life (RAND-36 questionnaire) and satisfaction with treatment. Laboratory markers: inflammation, kidney function, acid-base balance, uremic toxins, vitamin K, and gut flora-related markers. Nutrition-related factors: body composition (measured using bioelectrical impedance), anthropometry, dietary intake, and taste test (sweet, sour, salt, bitter and umami). Dietary compliance: structured questionnaire on intake and 24-hour urine collection for potassium excretion.

This study is designed as a pilot study with a parallel randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with a duration of 22-26 weeks (approximately 6 months). The study will include adult participants (age 20-85) with moderate to advanced CKD, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m², who are not yet being treated with dialysis nor have undergone kidney transplantation. Individuals with untreated comorbidities or conditions that may affect study participation will be excluded.

Randomization and intervention

Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups:

• Healthy plant-based diet (healthy-PBD): A liberal plant-based diet that includes fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and nuts, with no specific restrictions on potassium.
• Potassium-restricted plant-based diet (restricted-PBD): A plant-based diet with restrictions on potassium-rich foods, which corresponds to current standard advice for patients with CKD.

Both groups will receive individually tailored dietary counselling from a dietitian at baseline and during follow-up visits. Counselling will cover portion sizes, meal composition, and strategies for adhering to the assigned diet. Participants will also receive written dietary advice and food lists.

Study procedures and visits Participants will attend study visits at baseline, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 22-26 weeks. The following will be performed at each visit:

• Blood tests: plasma potassium (primary safety measure), kidney function (creatinine, eGFR), acid-base balance, inflammation markers, vitamin K and uremic toxins.
• Urine test: 24-hour urine collection for potassium, sodium, urea, and creatinine to assess compliance with the diet.
• Anthropometry and body composition: weight, body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance analysis.
• Patient-reported outcomes: quality of life (RAND-36) and questionnaire on satisfaction with treatment.
• Sensory tests: taste strips to assess thresholds for sweet, sour, salt, bitter and umami.
• Diet compliance: structured dietary questionnaire focusing on plant-based foods and potassium-rich foods, as well as a 24-hour record about intake.

Participants are instructed to contact the study team if they experience symptoms that may indicate hyperkalemia, such as muscle weakness or palpitations. If hyperkalemia (p-potassium > 5.5 mmol/L) is detected, adequate medical treatment will be provided, and continued participation in the study will be reconsidered for safety reasons.

Data collection All laboratory analyses will be performed at accredited hospital laboratories according to standardized methods with internal and external quality control. Dietary questionnaires will be validated against urinary potassium excretion. Quality of life and satisfaction questionnaires are validated versions in Swedish. Taste strips will be used under standardized conditions.

To ensure data reliability, all study data will be collected by personnel trained in standardized procedures. Randomization will be computer-generated with concealed allocation. Data entry will be double-checked and deviations verified against source material.

Surveys and interviews The structured dietary surveys will include questions about the frequency and portion size of selected food groups, adherence to prescribed portions, and barriers to following the diet. The survey on treatment satisfaction will include questions about perceived safety, trust in dietary advice, and willingness to continue with the diet after the end of the study. The responses will be analyzed descriptively and compared between groups to identify differences in acceptance and adherence.

Time commitment for participants Each study visit is expected to take approximately 60-90 minutes and will include blood and urine sampling, anthropometry, surveys, and dietary counselling. Participants will also be asked to fill in the dietary records at home and collect 24-hour urine samples at predetermined time points.

The entire study will be conducted in Sweden. All recruitment, intervention, laboratory analyses and follow-up will take place at participating Swedish nephrology clinics.

Inclusion criteria

• Age between 20 and 85 years
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m²
• Normal potassium levels (plasma potassium 3.5-5.3 mmol/L)
• Not on dialysis
• Good knowledge of Swedish

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnancy
• Breastfeeding
• Kidney transplant
• Regular use of potassium binders at least 4 days/week (e.g. sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, patiromer or sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
• Regular prescription of daily potassium salts (e.g. potassium chloride)
• Planned kidney transplant
• Planned start of dialysis within the next 6 months
• Allergy to nuts (including peanuts)
• Mental illness and cognitive impairment that impede understanding of dietary advice
• Comorbidities that may affect potassium balance (e.g. adrenal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhoea or colostomy)