Safety and Feasibility of Intracoronary Hypothermia in Acute Myocardial Infarction

In acute myocardial infarction, infarct size is directly related to short and long-term mortality and development of chronic heart failure.Therefore, limiting infarct size is of great worth. Therapies to reduce ischemic injury, by primarily primary percutaneous coronary intervention seem to be exhausted. Consequently, there still remains a need for efforts to develop therapies that target reperfusion injury to obtain additional reduction of infarct size.

Therapeutic hypothermia (32 - 35°C) attenuates reperfusion injury and therefore reduces infarct size in a variety of animal models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), if provided before reperfusion. In human studies this reduction has not been confirmed so far, probably due to the fact that systemic cooling is slow in reducing temperature and therefore target temperature was not reached in time in a substantial number of patients or not reached at all. Furthermore, systemic cooling has side effects such as severe shivering, volume overload and an enhanced adrenergic state. However, subgroups of patients in all randomized clinical trials with anterior myocardial infarction who reached target temperature before reperfusion did show a reduction in infarct size.

To make therapeutic hypothermia into a valuable treatment for AMI, the method of inducing hypothermia has therefore to be modified. This method should be clinical feasible and quick enough to provide myocardial hypothermia before reperfusion, without prolonging symptom-to-balloon times and without the adverse effects of systemic cooling.

In this study the investigators will evaluate the safety and feasibility of intracoronary hypothermia in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction.

In study patients, routine primary percutaneous intervention will be commenced. Before reperfusion, saline on room temperature will be infused though the occlusion in the infarct related artery using an over the wire balloon catheter during 10 minutes. The balloon will be inflated to prevent reperfusion in that phase. After 10 minutes the balloon will be deflated allowing reperfusion and infusion with saline on 4°C will be continued for 10 minutes. After this, a coronary stent will be placed. Primary end points are safety and feasibility of this method.

Inclusion criteria

Patients will be eligible for this study when they are admitted for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction with a total ST-segment deviation of more than 5 mm and presenting within 6 hours after onset of complaints.

Patients should have a TIMI 0, 1 or 2 flow in the infarction related artery.

Exclusion criteria

• Age < 18 year

• Cardiogenic shock or pre-shock
• Poor clinical condition with concomitant inconvenience like repeated vomiting, severe chest pain or elsewise according to the judgment of the treating interventionalist.
• Patients with previous myocardial infarction in the culprit area of with previous bypass surgery
• Tortuous coronary arteries
• Complex or long-lasting primary PCI expected
• Inability to understand and give informed consent either in first instance on the table or in second instance on the coronary care unit.
• Other known myocardial diseases, such as moderate or severe left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiomyopathy
• Pregnancy
• First degree AV-block, Mobitz I and Mobitz II block, trifascicular block, or total AV block, Left- and Right Bundle Branch Block
• Patients in whom no access to the coronary circulation can be obtained by the femoral artery or in whom femoral access was problematic Severe concomitant disease or conditions with a life expectancy of less than one year