Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Cognitive Function in T1DM

The Z-scores of memory and executive domain assessments-related assessments are indicators that can comprehensively reflect cognitive function.

The Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is a neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate an individual's verbal learning and memory skills. This test involves the presentation of a list of words to the test subject, who is then asked to recall as many words as possible from the list after a single exposure. The process is typically repeated several times, allowing the examiner to assess the subject's ability to learn new information and retain it over time.

The Trail Making Test is a neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching. It consists of two parts, A and B. Participant is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy. The test can provide information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive functioning.

Results for both TMT A and B are reported as the number of seconds required to complete the task; therefore, higher scores reveal greater impairment.

The Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) is a common neuropsychological assessment used to evaluate an individual's cognitive flexibility and generative language abilities. It typically involves asking the participant to produce as many words as possible within a certain time limit, usually one minute, that fit a specific criterion.

The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is a widely used neuropsychological instrument designed to assess an individual's confrontational naming abilities, which is a critical aspect of language function. The test consists of a series of line drawings of objects, animals, and people, each paired with a prompt that encourages the participant to name the item.

The Stroop Color- Word Association Test is particularly useful in assessing executive functions, such as selective attention and cognitive flexibility. It is sensitive to the effects of various conditions that impact cognitive control, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse disorders. The test can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive training programs and to monitor changes in cognitive function over time.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a brief neuropsychological screening tool designed to assess cognitive processing speed and attention. The SDMT is scored based on the number of correct responses within the time frame, providing a quantitative measure of cognitive performance. It is particularly sensitive to changes in cognitive function that may occur with aging, as well as in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. The test is often used to monitor the progression of cognitive decline and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.

The SDMT is also valuable in differentiating between different types of cognitive impairments and can be used as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to provide a more detailed picture of an individual's cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Its brevity and ease of administration make it a practical tool for repeated assessments over time.

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a widely used neuropsychological screening tool that assesses an individual's cognitive function, particularly in the areas of executive function, visual-spatial skills, and constructional praxis. It is a simple yet effective test that requires participants to draw a clock face and then set the hands to indicate a specific time, often 10 minutes past 11.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) is a rapid screening tool for mild cognitive dysfunction, particularly useful in identifying early signs of cognitive impairment associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.The test is sensitive to changes in cognitive function that may not be detected by less detailed assessments, making it a valuable tool for both clinical and research settings.

Subjective Cognitive Decline 9 (SCD9) is a tool designed to assess an individual's perception of changes in their cognitive abilities over time. It is particularly useful for identifying early signs of cognitive decline that may be indicative of the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

The development of the SCD9 questionnaire aims to provide a localized, sample-assisted, multi-domain instrument that can be used to evaluate subjective cognitive decline in the elderly population over the past 1-2 years. The scale has demonstrated good reliability and validity, with a confirmatory factor analysis supporting a 4-factor model that includes memory, attention, executive function, and language domains.

Brain MRI, particularly structural Structural MRI, Diffusion MRI(DTI), and Functional MRI (fMRI), plays a crucial role in understanding cognitive functions. Structural MRI can identify anatomical correlates of cognitive deficits, while DTI provides insights into the integrity of neural pathways essential for cognitive processing. fMRI allows researchers to observe brain activity during various cognitive tasks, offering a direct link between brain function and cognition. This comprehensive approach enables clinicians and researchers to explore the neural basis of cognitive functions and disorders, enhancing diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Proportion of participants with treatment-related adverse events, serious adverse events, or adverse events of special interest.

Adverse events, serious adverse events, or adverse events of special interest, will be evaluated following study procedures using AE and SAE forms, telephone and in person interview, and relevant medical records related to adverse events.

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness is a valuable indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis and a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. It is typically measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography, which provides images of the carotid artery walls. The measurement is taken from the leading edge of the lumen-intima interface to the leading edge of the media-adventitia interface on the far wall of the carotid artery.

Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is a measure of the speed at which blood pressure waves move through the arteries. It is an important indicator of arterial stiffness, with higher values indicating stiffer arteries, which are often associated with cardiovascular risk.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a simple, non-invasive test used to assess the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD). It compares the blood pressure measured at the ankle with the blood pressure measured at the arm (brachial artery).

ABI is also a marker for overall cardiovascular health. A low ABI is associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and overall cardiovascular mortality.

Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) is a diagnostic test used to detect and monitor kidney function, particularly to identify early signs of kidney damage. It measures the amount of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine, normalized to the amount of creatinine (a waste product of muscle metabolism) to account for variations in urine concentration.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is a key indicator of kidney function. It estimates the rate at which the kidneys filter waste products from the blood, providing valuable information about renal health and helping to diagnose and monitor kidney disease.

Fundus photography is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure used to capture images of the retina at the back of the eye. This technique is essential for the early detection, evaluation, and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy and other vascular changes in the eye, which can be indicative of diabetes-related complications.

The Neuropathy Impairment Score in the Lower Limbs (NIS-LL) is a clinical tool used to evaluate the severity of neuropathy, specifically in the lower extremities. This score helps in assessing the degree of nerve damage and its impact on motor and sensory functions. The NIS-LL takes into account the following components.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures the average level of blood glucose (sugar) over the past two to three months. It is a key indicator used to diagnose and manage diabetes.

Time in Range (TIR) is a key metric used in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to assess glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. It represents the percentage of time that a person's blood glucose levels stay within a target range over a specified period, typically 24 hours.

Time Above Range (TAR) is a crucial metric in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) used to evaluate how often an individual's blood glucose levels exceed a predefined upper limit. This metric helps in understanding hyperglycemia and its potential impact on health.

Time Below Range (TBR) is a critical metric in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) used to evaluate the duration that an individual's blood glucose levels fall below a predefined lower limit. This metric is crucial for understanding hypoglycemia and its potential risks.

Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) is a metric used in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to estimate average blood glucose levels over a specified period. It provides a simplified interpretation of glycemic control based on CGM data.

Glycemia risk index (GRI), a newly developed composite CGM metric, could evaluate the quality of glycemia by weighting the risk of both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, which are associated with long-term complications

The Coefficient of Variation (CV) in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is a statistical measure used to assess the variability of blood glucose levels over a period of time. It provides insights into the stability and consistency of glucose control.

Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE) is a metric used in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) to quantify the magnitude of glucose fluctuations over a specified period. It provides insights into the variability and stability of blood glucose levels, reflecting how much and how often glucose levels deviate from a baseline.

Triglycerides (TG) are the most common form of fat in the human body and serve as an important source of energy. They are a type of lipid, which is a waxy-like fat substance made by the body and obtained from foods that contain fat.

Total Cholesterol (TC) ,which stands for Total Cholesterol, is a blood test that measures the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. Cholesterol is a waxy substance that's vital for the body to function properly. However, too much cholesterol in your blood can lead to health problems, such as heart disease and stroke.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol（HDL-C)）is commonly referred to as "good" cholesterol because high levels of HDL-C are associated with a lower risk of heart disease. HDL-C helps transport cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver, where it can be removed from your bloodstream. This process helps keep cholesterol from building up in your arteries, thus reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening or narrowing of the arteries) and cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and certain medications can help increase HDL-C levels.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels of LDL-C can lead to the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening or narrowing of the arteries) and cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. LDL-C transports cholesterol from the liver to various parts of the body. If there is too much LDL-C in the blood, it can deposit on the walls of the arteries, forming plaques that can restrict or block blood flow. Managing LDL-C levels through diet, exercise, and medications is important for cardiovascular health.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. It is an essential measure of cardiovascular health and is typically recorded as two numbers: systolic and diastolic pressure.

Systolic Pressure: The higher number, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood.

Diastolic Pressure: The lower number, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a widely used measure to assess whether a person has a healthy body weight for a given height. It is a simple calculation that provides an indication of body fatness, which can be related to the risk of developing health problems.

eGDR stands for "estimated Glucose Disposal Rate." It is a metric used to estimate insulin sensitivity, particularly in individuals with diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity refers to how effectively the body's cells respond to insulin, which is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels.

An insulin dose refers to the specific amount of insulin administered to a person with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels.

In order to determine efficacy of fecal transplant, change in composition, i.e. microbial engraftment will be assessed by testing for newly detected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the gut microbiome of a participant post-FMT (which were present in the donor but undetected in the participant pre-FMT). This will be assessed via 16S rRNA seq of recipient stool samples pre- and post- FMT.

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used to analyze the characteristics of individual cells in a heterogeneous population. When applied to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), flow cytometry provides detailed insights into the composition and function of various immune cell subsets present in the bloodstream.

Metabolomics is a powerful analytical approach used to comprehensively analyze and quantify small molecules, known as metabolites, present in biological samples. When applied to peripheral blood, metabolomics enables the identification and measurement of a wide range of metabolites that serve as indicators of various physiological processes and metabolic pathways.