Safety and Effectiveness of a New Pleural Catheter for Symptomatic, Recurrent, MPEs Versus Approved Pleural Catheter

Inclusion criteria

• 1. Male or female, at least 18 years of age, inclusive. 2. Subject has a symptomatic MPE requiring intervention. For an effusion to be defined as malignant, at least one of the following must be true:

• There is histocytological confirmation of pleural malignancy
• The effusion is an exudate (per Light's criteria) in the context of histocytologically proven malignancy elsewhere, with no other clear cause for fluid identified.

• Subject has a history of at least 1 ipsilateral pleural effusion causing dyspnea that responded to thoracentesis where the lung expanded and the dyspnea was improved.

• Subject is willing and able to provide written informed consent. 5. Subject is willing and able to meet all study requirements, including follow-up visits and receiving study-related telephone calls.

• Subject has sufficient pleural fluid to allow safe insertion of an IPC. 7. Subject has negative pregnancy test if appropriate. 8. Subject or caregiver is able to perform home drainage of the pleural effusion (a caregiver can be a friend, family member or paid healthcare professional and applies to US sites only; UK subjects will have drainage managed by home-care nurses).

Exclusion criteria

• 1. Subject has significant trapped lung, or a proximal bronchial obstruction which is likely to lead to trapped lung. For a subject to be eligible for this study, 2 separate study center clinicians must agree that there is no significant trapped lung on the same CXR using visual estimation (reference guide). The CXR used to make this decision must have been performed ≤30 days preceding the consent form being signed, and must have been performed preferably on the same day, but no more than 7 calendar days after a pleural drainage.

Significant trapped lung is deemed present if any 1 of the following criteria is met:

• A CXR shows hydropneumothorax.
• A CXR shows ≥20% of the affected hemithorax to be free of the expected lung parenchymal markings and there is no suggestion of pleural fluid.
• A CXR shows ≥20% of the affected hemithorax to be occupied with pleural fluid AFTER a pleural aspiration which resulted in symptoms suggestive of trapped lung (e.g., chest pain or cough).

• Subject has a Karnofsky score <50, or a World Health Organization (WHO)/ Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≥3. Subjects who have a performance status of 3 may be considered for the study if the removal of their fluid would likely improve their performance score by 1 or more.

• Subject is pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or is lactating. 4. Subject has a history of empyema. 5. Subject has a history of chylothorax. 6. Subject has an uncorrected coagulopathy. 7. Subject has a hypersensitivity to new or existing pleural catheter or it's components.

• Subject has evidence, in the opinion of the Investigator, of either on-going systemic or pleural infection.

• Subject has had a lobectomy or pneumonectomy on the side of the effusion. 10. Subject has undergone a previous attempt at ipsilateral pleurodesis which has failed.

• Subject has previously been diagnosed with a serious immunodeficiency disorder.

• Subject has bilateral pleural effusions, with both being at least moderate in size (greater than one-third of the hemithorax on CXR).

• Subject has evidence of fluid loculation such that attempts at pleurodesis are likely to be futile.

• Subject has a mediastinal shift of ≥2 cm toward the side of the effusion. 15. Subject is receiving concurrent intrapleural chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the ipsilateral chest.

• Subject has any clinical condition, diagnosis, or social circumstance that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would mean participation in the study would be contraindicated.

• Subject has no access to a telephone. 18. Subject has no documented blood values (complete blood count [CBC], coagulation tests, urea and electrolytes, and liver function tests [LFTs]) within the last 10 days.

• Subject has previously participated in any clinical trial with the investigational device.

• Subject currently enrolled in any other clinical investigation or who has participated in any clinical investigation in the 30 days prior to starting this study.