Sacral Stimulation in Women With Low Back Pain: Effects on Pelvic Functions and Daily Life

Pelvic floor dysfunction is a term used to describe various disorders involving moderate to severe impairment of the pelvic floor muscles. The pelvic floor is a layer of muscle designed to support the abdominal organs and maintain urethral, anal, and vaginal continence. It is collectively referred to as the levator ani and includes the pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus muscles. Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, which causes significant morbidity especially in women, is associated with stress urinary incontinence, anal and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual dysfunction. These conditions negatively affect women's quality of life. Additionally, several comorbidities such as back and neck pain, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and psychiatric disorders are also associated with pelvic floor dysfunction.

In patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation, changes in pelvic floor muscle strength have been observed. These changes may be accompanied by urinary and sexual problems. Individuals with low back pain are at twice the risk of developing urinary incontinence compared to those without low back pain. It has been shown that strengthening the pelvic floor muscles can help reduce low back pain.

This study is planned to be conducted at Istanbul Medipol Acıbadem Regional Hospital between May 1, 2025, and December 1, 2025. All participants will be provided with detailed information about the study, and written informed consent will be obtained from those who agree to participate voluntarily.

All individuals included in the study will complete a demographic information form, which includes age, gender, height, weight, medication use, family history, and smoking status.

The study population will consist of 40 voluntary female participants between the ages of 18 and 65 who have complaints of urinary incontinence. All participants will be placed in a single group and will receive a low-frequency (2-10 Hz), 200 μs pulse duration current for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist.

Data collection tools in this study include:

The Sociodemographic Information Form, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire to assess low back pain levels, The King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) to evaluate urinary incontinence, The Constipation Severity Instrument (CSI) to assess constipation, The Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire - Female (SQoL-F) to evaluate sexual dysfunction.

Necessary permissions have been obtained from the original authors for the use of all questionnaires with established validity and reliability.

Inclusion criteria

Having complaints of urinary incontinence Having complaints of low back pain Diagnosed with constipation according to Rome IV criteria Women with pelvic floor dysfunction Being under 65 years of age Having normal mood and memory functions Being able to speak Turkish Being literate Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

Neuromuscular diseases (such as Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Myasthenia Gravis, etc.) Malignant tumors Diabetes and other serious medical conditions Pelvic radiation, rectal surgery, spinal surgery Hysterectomy Pelvic inflammation Urinary tract infection Vaginitis Pacemaker implantation Pregnancy Cognitive impairment