rTMS to Enhance Cognitive Performance and Promote Resilience

Participants would complete a computerized batteries (Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery and NIH Cognition Battery). Tasks would assess the following domains: information-processing speed, executive function, sustained attention/vigilance, verbal memory, working-memory capacity, inhibition/impulsivity, and sensorimotor function. This composite includes all the tests noted above that are fluid ability measures: Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence Memory, List Sorting and Pattern Comparison. This composite score is derived by averaging the standard scores of each of the measures, and then deriving standard scores based on this new distribution. Higher values (positive changes from baseline) indicate better performance. The T-score has a mean of 50 in the general population and a SD of 10. Scores higher than the mean indicate better performance.

Participants would complete a computerized batteries (Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery and NIH Cognition Battery). Tasks would assess the following domains: information-processing speed, executive function, sustained attention/vigilance, verbal memory, working-memory capacity, inhibition/impulsivity, and sensorimotor function. This composite includes all the tests noted above that are fluid ability measures: Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence Memory, List Sorting and Pattern Comparison. This composite score is derived by averaging the standard scores of each of the measures, and then deriving standard scores based on this new distribution. The T-score has a mean of 50 in the general population and a SD of 10. Scores higher than the mean indicate better performance.

Participants would complete a computerized batteries (Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery and NIH Cognition Battery). Tasks would assess the following domains: information-processing speed, executive function, sustained attention/vigilance, verbal memory, working-memory capacity, inhibition/impulsivity, and sensorimotor function. This composite includes all the tests noted above that are fluid ability measures: Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence Memory, List Sorting and Pattern Comparison. This composite score is derived by averaging the standard scores of each of the measures, and then deriving standard scores based on this new distribution. The T-score has a mean of 50 in the general population and a SD of 10. Scores higher than the mean indicate better performance.

Participants would complete a series of questionnaires Connor Davidson Resilience Scale is a self-reported scale consisting of 10-items measuring resilience. Respondents rate items on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not true at all) to 4 (true nearly all the time). Each item has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4. The minimum value is a 0 and the maximum value is a 100. A higher score indicates higher resilience, which indicates a better outcome.

-Questions are rated on a scale from 0-4, where a higher score reflects greater resilience.

The investigators will use the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) to assess perceived stress using a 5-point Likert scale.

Scoring Instructions: Total score is determined by adding together the scores of each of the four items. Questions 2 and 3 are reverse coded. Questions 1 and 4: 0 = Never; 1 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 3 = Fairly often; 4 = Very often Questions 2 and 3: 4 = Never; 3 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 1 = Fairly often; 0 = Very often.

Scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating more stress.

The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely").

In this study, a composite score was calculated by summing responses across multiple relevant subscales (e.g., Dysphoria, Panic, Insomnia, Well-Being) to assess overall emotional distress and stress resilience.

Minimum possible score: 99 (if all items scored 1) Maximum possible score: 495 (if all items scored 5) Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes. Lower scores reflect better emotional functioning and greater resilience.

The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) is a unidimensional self-reported scale consisting of 10-items measuring resilience. Respondents rate items on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not true at all) to 4 (true nearly all the time). Each item has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4. The minimum value is a 0 and the maximum value is a 100. A higher score indicates higher resilience, which indicates a better outcome.

The investigators will use the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) to assess perceived stress using a 5-point Likert scale.

Scoring Instructions: Total score is determined by adding together the scores of each of the four items. Questions 2 and 3 are reverse coded. Questions 1 and 4: 0 = Never; 1 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 3 = Fairly often; 4 = Very often Questions 2 and 3: 4 = Never; 3 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 1 = Fairly often; 0 = Very often.

Scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating more stress.

The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely").

In this study, a composite score was calculated by summing responses across multiple relevant subscales (e.g., Dysphoria, Panic, Insomnia, Well-Being) to assess overall emotional distress and stress resilience.

Minimum possible score: 99 Maximum possible score: 495 Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes. Lower scores reflect better emotional functioning and greater resilience.

The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) is a unidimensional self-reported scale consisting of 10-items measuring resilience. Respondents rate items on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not true at all) to 4 (true nearly all the time). Each item has a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 4. The minimum value is a 0 and the maximum value is a 100. A higher score indicates higher resilience, which indicates a better outcome.

The investigators will use the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) to assess perceived stress using a 5-point Likert scale.

Scoring Instructions: Total score is determined by adding together the scores of each of the four items. Questions 2 and 3 are reverse coded. Questions 1 and 4: 0 = Never; 1 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 3 = Fairly often; 4 = Very often Questions 2 and 3: 4 = Never; 3 = Almost never; 2 = Sometimes; 1 = Fairly often; 0 = Very often.

Scores range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating more stress.

The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely").

In this study, a composite score was calculated by summing responses across multiple relevant subscales (e.g., Dysphoria, Panic, Insomnia, Well-Being) to assess overall emotional distress and stress resilience.

Minimum possible score: 99 Maximum possible score: 495 Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes. Lower scores reflect better emotional functioning and greater resilience.

The WINSCAT battery includes 5 subtests: Code Substitution (CDS), Code Substitution Delayed Recognition (CDD), Delayed Matching to Sample (MSP), Mathematical Processing (MTH), and Running Memory Continuous Performance (CPT). Each subtest produces a standardized score (range: 0-100). Composite score is the sum of all subtests (range: 0-500). Higher scores indicate better cognitive performance. Baseline scores reflect initial neurocognitive status. WINSCAT assesses attention, memory, visual processing, and executive function.

The WINSCAT battery includes 5 subtests: Code Substitution (CDS), Code Substitution Delayed Recognition (CDD), Delayed Matching to Sample (MSP), Mathematical Processing (MTH), and Running Memory Continuous Performance (CPT). Each subtest produces a standardized score (range: 0-100). Composite score is the sum of all subtests (range: 0-500). Higher scores indicate better cognitive performance. This measure reflects post-treatment neurocognitive status following rTMS. Scores are compared to baseline to assess improvement. WINSCAT evaluates attention, memory, visual processing, and executive function.

The WINSCAT battery includes 5 subtests: Code Substitution (CDS), Code Substitution Delayed Recognition (CDD), Delayed Matching to Sample (MSP), Mathematical Processing (MTH), and Running Memory Continuous Performance (CPT). Each subtest produces a standardized score (range: 0-100). Composite score is the sum of all subtests (range: 0-500). Higher scores indicate better cognitive performance. This measure reflects neurocognitive status 1 month after rTMS treatment. Scores are compared to baseline and 1-week post-treatment to assess sustained or enhanced cognitive improvement. WINSCAT evaluates attention, memory, visual processing, and executive function.

is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. For this outcome, a subset of items was used to assess stress resilience, likely drawn from the Well-Being or related subscales.

Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely"). Scores were summed across selected items.

Minimum possible score: 0 Maximum possible score: 15 Lower scores indicate greater resilience and better emotional functioning. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes.

is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. For this outcome, a subset of items was used to assess stress resilience, likely drawn from the Well-Being or related subscales.

Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely"). Scores were summed across selected items.

Minimum possible score: 0 Maximum possible score: 15 Lower scores indicate greater resilience and better emotional functioning. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes.

is a 99-item self-report questionnaire assessing emotional and psychological symptoms across 18 subscales. For this outcome, a subset of items was used to assess stress resilience, likely drawn from the Well-Being or related subscales.

Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Extremely"). Scores were summed across selected items.

Minimum possible score: 0 Maximum possible score: 15 Lower scores indicate greater resilience and better emotional functioning. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity and worse outcomes.