Role of Transcranial Doppler and Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Future Management of Sickle Cell Anemia CNS.

Cerebro-vascular accident is a destructive complication of sickle cell disease, CVA is a important cause of morbidity and mortality individuals with SCD, which cause motor and neurocognitive complications. The CVA pathophysiology can be described by vasculopathy and obstruction caused by the sickle erythrocytes with narrowing of cerebral vessels of the circle of Willis (middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery, and posterior communicating artery).

Patients with sickle cell disease develop vasculopathy and obstruction at specific sites as distal internal carotid artery (ICA) and the proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA). This Study have been concerned to identify synchronous risk factors for Cerebro-vascular accident and the presence of increase in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in arterial parts of the polygon of Willis by transcranial doppler (TCD) has been confirmed as the important risk factor for the development of ischemic Cerebrovascular accidents in children and adolescents with SCA. TCD can detect intracranial arterial narrowing caused by arterial vasculopathy associated with SCA. TCD is a non-invasive, portable, and relatively inexpensive method that uses specific areas of the skull to access the intracranial arterial circulation and to measure CBFV in the polygon of Willis arteries, magnetic resonance Angiography (MRA), and cerebral angiography are available for cerebrovascular disease diagnosis.(5-8) However, TCD is due to its operator dependent, it has a narrow application area. Cerebrovascular disease indicates a group of disorders that alter the flow of blood in the brain. The brain's functions can be temporarily or permanently impaired as a result of this change in blood flow. Timely diagnosis and treatment can restore the brain-impaired functions, resulting in a much-improved prognosis for the patients. This review summarizes the basic principles underlying the TCD imaging technique and its utility as a diagnostic tool for cerebrovascular disease.

Inclusion criteria

• (1) age, from 24 months to 18 years; (2) hemoglobinopathy diagnosis of Hb SS; (3) the desire and ability to be screened as evidenced by signed parental informed consent and child's assent; (4) the availability for follow-up for at least 2 years.

Exclusion criteria

• 1.Other sickle cell syndromes were excluded because they had a lower or uncertain risk of stroke.

2.A child was excluded from TCD screening for any of the following: an indication for chronic blood transfusion or a contraindication to chronic transfusion, participation in any study involving treatments which might confound the interpretation of the results of the proposed work