Rice Anthocyanin Bioavailability in Humans

To limit the interindividual variability, The protocol will be designed as a prospective, randomized, cross-over pharmacokinetic study on healthy volunteers. Participants will be randomly divided into three groups (black rice Venere, black rice Artemide and white rice/control) by an allocation software ( http://graphpad.com/quickcalcs/randomise1.cfm ) which will generate different random sequences of the treatment assignment.

Subjects will be deprived of anthocyanin-rich food sources 7 days before experimentation (wash-out period). Each volunteer will receive a complete list of anthocyanin-rich foods to be avoided, including berry fruits (i.e. blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, blackcurrants and elderberries), red/violet fruits/vegetables (i.e. grapes, cherries, pomegranates, red apples, plums, eggplants, tomatoes and peppers), red wine and other colored products (i.e. marmalade, jams and juices containing berries). Breakfast, lunch and dinner will be standardized 1 day before the experiment. Each group will randomly receive, during three different experimental days, one of the following treatments by different allocation sequences:

• 80g of black rice Venere (Group A)
• 80g of black rice Artemide (Group B)
• 80g of white rice (Group C)

Therefore, each subject will be involved in three experimental days. The three treatments will be separated by a 7 day wash-out period.

After an overnight fast, volunteers will consume the rice serving within 10-15 min, immediately after the first basal blood collection at 8:00 a.m. (baseline). Other blood withdrawals will be collected after 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours.

Chemical analyses. The extraction protocols of anthocyanins from body fluids will be developed, in order to reach the maximum yield of the analytes from the samples. Plasma anthocyanins will be measured by spectrophometric determination and high-performance liquid chromatographycoupled to mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS.

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy status
• Age: 18-45
• Normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) who voluntarily accept to join the study, after informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• <18 Years;
• Pregnancy and lactation;
• Systemic disorders;
• Dietary supplements intake (vitamins, antioxidants, botanicals, phytochemicals)
• Abnormal hematological parameters;
• Heavy smoking and alcohol drinking;
• High-intensity physical activity.