Resveratol in Diabetic Nephropathy

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with T1DM.
• Patients aged 12-18 years with at least 5 years disease duration.
• Active diabetic nephropathy in the form of microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion [UAE] 30-299 mg/g creatinine). The presence of persistent microalbuminuria was confirmed by finding two or all of three samples abnormal over a 3- to 6-months period prior to study despite angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) (Tabaei et al., 2001; Molitch et al., 2004; Donaghueet al., 2018).
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤9.0%.
• Patients on regular visit to clinic.
• Patients on regular insulin therapy.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with history of liver disease or any disorder likely to impair liver functions or elevated liver enzymes (aminotransferases levels higher than twice the upper normal limit).
• Patients with renal impairment due to cause other than diabetes.
• Patients with hypertension.
• Hyper- or hypo-thyroidism.
• Hepatitis virus infection (B or C) or any evidence of infection.
• Hypoglycaemic unawareness or recurrent severe hypoglycaemic episode in 6 months prior to recruitment.
• Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (more than 2 episodes in the previous 12 months).
• Serious co-morbidities.
• Patients were already on anti-hypertensive drugs or any antioxidant therapy such as vitamin supplements.
• Taking any vitamins or food supplements one month before study.
• Patients who have an allergy to grapes, berries, and peanuts.
• Participation in a previous investigational drug study within 3 months preceding screening.