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Completed

NCT Number: NCT05592340

Restaurant Menu Carbon Footprint Labeling

This online randomized clinical trial will test the effects of restaurant menu carbon footprint labels on consumers' choices and perceptions of restaurant menu items.

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Key information

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States

About this study

This online randomized clinical trial will test the effects of restaurant menu carbon footprint labels on consumers' choices and perceptions of restaurant menu items. Participants will be randomized to see a restaurant menu with one of two labeling schemes: 1) Control: calorie labels only; 2) Carbon footprint labels in addition to calorie labels. Participants will be instructed to select an entree to hypothetically order from an online restaurant menu. After selecting, they will be asked to answer questions about their perceptions of menu items and carbon footprint labels.The primary outcome will be the average carbon footprint of menu items chosen from the online menu.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • US adults aged 18 or older

Exclusion criteria

  • Younger than 18
  • Non-US

Treatment and study plan

Exposure to calorie information

Behavioral

Calories for all foods and beverages

Exposure to carbon footprint information

Behavioral

Carbon footprint labels for all foods and beverages

Primary outcomes

  1. Carbon footprint of selected menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Participants will select a menu item to purchase from the online restaurant menu. Outcome is carbon footprint of selected item.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Calories in selected menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Participants will select a menu item to purchase from the online restaurant menu. Outcome is calorie content of selected item.

  2. Perceived enjoyment of high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all (1) to a great deal (5)

  3. Perceived enjoyment of low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all (1) to a great deal (5)

  4. Perceived likelihood to order high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all likely (1) to extremely likely (5)

  5. Perceived likelihood to order low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all likely (1) to extremely likely (5)

  6. Perceived healthfulness of high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all healthy (1) to extremely healthy (5)

  7. Perceived healthfulness of low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all healthy (1) to extremely healthy (5)

  8. Estimated calories in high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Open response variable

  9. Estimated calories in low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Open response variable

  10. Perceived carbon footprint of high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured with three multiple choice options: larger, smaller, or about the same carbon footprint compared to the typical menu item's carbon footprint

  11. Perceived carbon footprint of low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured with three multiple choice options: larger, smaller, or about the same carbon footprint compared to the typical menu item's carbon footprint

  12. Perceived lowering of carbon footprint for high-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all (1) to a great deal (5)

  13. Perceived lowering of carbon footprint for low-carbon-footprint menu item

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    This variable will be measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from not at all (1) to a great deal (5)

  14. Noticing carbon footprint labels

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Participants will respond "yes," "no," or "I don't know" to the item: "Think back to the beginning of this survey. When you were looking at the Just Salad menu, did you notice any labels (other than calorie information or price) next to or beneath the food items?"

  15. Label influence

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    If participants responded "yes" to noticing labels, they will respond to "How did the label alone (not the calorie information or price) influence what you chose to order, if at all? The label…" with three options: more likely, less likely, or no effect

  16. Perceived Message Effectiveness of labels

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Three items averaged together:

    How much does this label discourage you from wanting to eat foods with a larger carbon footprint? [1-5: Not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit, a great deal]

    How much does this label make you concerned about the environmental effects of eating foods that have a larger carbon footprint? [1-5: Not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit, a great deal]

    How much does this label make eating foods with a larger carbon footprint seem unpleasant to you? [1-5: Not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit, a great deal]

  17. Believability of labels

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Item: How much do you believe this label? [1-5: Not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit, a great deal]

  18. Learned from labels

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Item: To what extent did you learn something new from this label? [1-5: Not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit, a great deal]

  19. Talk about labels with others

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Item: How likely are you to talk about this label with others? [Likert scale from not at all likely (1) to extremely likely (5)]

  20. Understand the labels

    Time frame: The survey will take up to 20 minutes.

    Item: How easy or difficult was it to understand this label? [Likert scale from very easy (1) to extremely difficult (5)]

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Pennsylvania

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Impact of Restaurant Menu Carbon Footprint Labeling on Consumers Purchase Intentions and Perceptions

Important dates

Study start
2022
Primary completion
2022
Study completion
2022
First posted
Oct 24, 2022
Registry last updated
Dec 28, 2022

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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