Responsive Feeding Study

In the present study, we tested a novel approach to understanding infant bottle-feeding interactions: experimentally manipulating bottle-feeding conditions to better understand maternal and infant influences on overfeeding, as well as individual differences in risk for overfeeding. Specifically, we observed mother-infant dyads during a typical, "mother-led" feeding, during which mothers were given no instruction regarding how or how much to feed their infants (hereafter referred to as a "typical feeding" [TF]), as well as during an "infant-led" (IL) feeding, wherein we minimized the mothers' influence on the feeding and ensured the feed was in response to the infants' hunger and fullness cues. Using this within-subject, objective, and experimental approach, the present study aimed to: 1) directly measure the extent to which overfeeding occurs during bottle-feeding and 2) describe the characteristics of infants and mothers that overfeed during bottle-feeding.

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Key information

Conditions

Bottle Feeding Behavior Behavior, Animal Feeding Behavior

Age range

Up to 6 month

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States

About this study

Each mother-infant dyad came to our laboratory on two different days, separated by an average of 2.1 ± 0.4 days. The two testing sessions occurred at the same time of day to control for infants' circadian rhythmicity. Mothers were instructed to bring two of their infants' typical bottles filled with their infants' typical formula to each testing session. Mothers were videotaped while feeding their infants on both days. The first day of testing was always the Typical Feeding (TF) condition because the only instruction given to the mother was: "Please feed your infant as you normally would at home." The second day of testing was always the Infant-Led (IL) condition, wherein we used a protocol developed and established in our laboratory to control for a number of factors to allow for evaluation of infants' hedonic and behavioral responses independent of the parent and experimenter. The feeding protocol during the IL condition entailed the following steps, which were facilitated by the experimenter: (1) feeding sessions began when the experimenter observed the infant displaying signs of hunger (e.g., mouthing, rooting, fussing) and the mother verified that the infant was hungry; (2) the mother was instructed not to talk to her infant and to remain as neutral as possible; (3) the mother was also instructed to feed her infant at his/her customary pace; (4) the experimenter ended the feeding when the infant displayed signs of fullness (e.g., turning head and/or body away from the bottle, biting or chewing on the nipple, spiting the nipple out) on at least three consecutive occasions. If the infant finished the bottle before signaling fullness, the experimenter gave the mother the other bottle to ensure that infant intake was not limited by formula availability. During both study days, consumption during the feeding session was assessed by weighing the bottles before and after each feeding using a top loading balance (model PM 15; Mettler, Greifensee, Switzerland).

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Formula-feeding
Prior to the introduction of solid foods
Infants 0 to 6 months of age
Mothers 18 to 40 years of age

Exclusion criteria

Exclusively breast-feeding
Preterm
Medical conditions that interfered with feeding

Treatment and study plan

infant-led feeding

Behavioral

mothers' feeding practices and infant intakes were compared between a typical feeding condition and an infant-led feeding condition, where the experimenter ensured the feeding was in response to infant hunger and fullness cues.

Primary outcomes

Infant Intake

Time frame: 3-hour period

Infant intake was assessed by weighing the bottle before and after the feeding

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Drexel University

Other

Collaborators

Monell Chemical Senses Center

Registry information

Acronym: RFS

Important dates

Study start: 2010
Primary completion: 2012
Study completion: 2012
First posted: Nov 5, 2014
Registry last updated: Nov 5, 2014

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.

Completed