Respiratory and Autonomic Plasticity Following Intermittent Hypoxia

Approximately 8 % of the Veteran population in the United States suffers from sleep apnea. Consequences of untreated sleep apnea include increased daytime fatigue, hypertension and stroke. Thus, sleep apnea is a major health concern. One of the primary hallmarks of sleep apnea is exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) which occurs as a consequence of central or obstructive apneas. Exposure to IH may lead to neural plasticity (i.e. a change in system performance based on prior experience) of the respiratory and autonomic nervous system. One adaptation that has been shown to manifest itself in animals following exposure to IH is long-term facilitation (LTF) of ventilation and sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSA). This phenomenon is characterized by a gradual increase in respiratory motor activity and SNSA during successive periods of normoxia that separate hypoxic episodes and by activity that persists above baseline levels for up to 90 minutes following exposure to IH. Although LTF of minute ventilation has been well established in animals it has not been observed consistently in healthy humans or in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea. Similarly, although a few studies have shown that exposure to IH leads to increases in SNSA in healthy individuals the magnitude of the response has varied significantly. Findings from animal studies suggest that the manifestation of LTF in humans might in part be dependent on a variety of factors, including prior exposure to IH, arousal state (wake vs. sleep) and gender. Thus, the initial aim of our proposal will establish whether LTF can be induced in healthy humans and individuals with obstructive sleep apnea and whether the magnitude of the response is dependent on those factors mentioned above. Moreover, the initial aim will explore whether the presence of LTF of minute ventilation promotes or mitigates apnea severity. Animal studies have also indicated that LTF of respiratory and autonomic activity may in part be induced by increases in oxidative stress. Thus, the second objective of our proposal will explore whether administration of an antioxidant cocktail impacts respiratory and autonomic nervous system plasticity during wakefulness and sleep following IH. Likewise, the second aim will explore whether administration of an antioxidant cocktail alters apnea severity following exposure to IH. Establishing whether LTF of minute ventilation exists in individuals with sleep apnea is important since activation of this phenomenon could impact on apnea severity across the night. Similarly, LTF of SNSA activity and possibly long-term depression (LTD) of parasympathetic nervous system activity (PNSA) could ultimately lead to persistent increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, given that exposure to IH may lead to long-term plasticity of respiratory and autonomic activity that are physiologically detrimental, exploring mechanisms that ultimately lead to treatments that may mitigate or prevent the manifestation of this phenomenon are important.

Inclusion criteria

Characteristics of OSA subject population:

• Body mass index < 30 kg/m2.
• 20 to 40 years old.
• Newly diagnosed never-treated mild to moderate sleep apnea (i.e. 50 > apnea/hypopnea index >10 events per hour - average nocturnal oxygen saturation > 90%).
• Not pregnant.
• Free of any other known medical conditions.
• Not taking any medication.
• Non-smokers with normal lung function.
• Minimal alcohol consumption (i.e. no more than the equivalent of a glass of wine/day).

Characteristics of control group population:

• Body mass index < 30 kg/m2.
• 20 to 40 years old.
• Apnea/hypopnea index < 5 events per hour.
• Not pregnant.
• Free of any known medical conditions.
• Not taking any medication.
• Non-smokers with normal lung function.
• Minimal alcohol consumption (i.e. no more than the equivalent of a glass of wine/day).

Exclusion criteria

• Anything not in inclusion criteria.