Resistance Training and Clinical Status in Patients With Post Discharge Symptoms After Covid-19

Measured with an incremental VO2 protocol on exercise bike by COSMED Quark CPET plus OMNIA (COSMED®, Rome, Italy)

Questionnaires that sought information about symptoms related to COVID-19 will be administrate. It is a dichotomous scale (Yes/No), that reflects symptoms, functional limitations, and clinical characteristics (i.e., nausea/vomiting, impaired visual acuity or blurry vision, anosmia, dizziness, depression, chills, weakness, musculoskeletal pain, palpitations/tachycardia, change of appetite, frustration, cognitive involvement, anxiety/irritability, dryness, impaired concentration, and headache)

Including ENA-78, GCSF, GM-CSF, GRO, GRO-alpha, I-309, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p40/p70, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-gamma, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCSF, MDC, MIG, MIP-1delta, RANTES, SCF, SDF-1, TARC, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, EGF, IGF-I, Angiogenin, Oncostatin M, Thrombopoietin, VEGF-A, PDGF BB, Leptin in (arbitrary units).

Measuring pulse wave velocity (m/seg) by VaSera VS 2000 (Fukuda Denshi, Japan)

Measuring Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (%) by VaSera VS 2000 (Fukuda Denshi, Japan)

Measuring by COSMED Q-NRG+ plus OMNIA (COSMED®, Rome, Italy)

Measuring in bone mineral density (g)

Measuring in fat mass (%)

Measuring in lean mass (kg)

Measured with an incremental VO2 protocol on exercise bike by COSMED k-5 plus OMNIA (COSMED®, Rome, Italy)

Muscular fitness testing (legs, chest, arms, hip and grip)

Free-living physical activity is measured using axial accelerometer-based physical activity monitors (AX3; Axivity, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)

Including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase in arbitrary units.

Utrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-time of flight-MS based platforms analyzing methanol and chloroform/methanol serum extracts will be combined with the lipids measurement using an UHPLC-single quadrupole-MS based analysis in arbitrary units. Explained fraction of variance and the goodness of prediction will be calculated.

Creatinine kinase levels (units per liter)

Total troponins levels (ng/mL)

D-dimer (ng/mL)

T3 and T4 levels (μg/dL)

ALT in (U/L), AST and GGT in (U/L)

Urea (mmol/L), sodium (mmol/L), potassium (mmol/L), chloride (mmol/L), calcium (mmol/L), inorganic phosphorus (mmol/L) and uric acid (mmol/L)

White Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells (cell characterization)

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) will be used as an indicator of cognitive status. Scores range between 0 and 30. A score of 26 or over is considered to be normal

The Trail Making Test will be used as an indicator of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and executive function. This test consists of two parts in which the subject is instructed to connect a set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy

Two summary scores are reported from the EuroQOL EQ-5D instrument

The 1 Item Statistics Canada Stress Question (SCSQ) will be used. The SCSQ is a 1-item question with a possible scoring of 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more stress.

A Physical Health item will be used in the baseline. The scoring range is 0-13, with higher numbers indicating experiencing more negative physical health symptoms.

The 10 Item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale will be used. Scores range from 10-50, with higher scores indicating more symptoms or more frequent experience of those symptoms.

The 10 Item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) will be used in the baseline survey, and will be in each weekly survey to track changes in the CES-D over the study period. The possible range in scores is 0 to 30 depending on number of symptoms, with those symptoms weighted by frequency experienced in a week. Higher scores indicating more or more frequent symptoms.

A Life Satisfaction item, consisting of three questions, will be used (scored 0-10). Higher scores indicate "the best possible life overall". In addition, 2-follow-up questions asking individuals to rate their physical and mental/emotional health on a five point scale from poor to excellent. Higher scores overall indicate more satisfaction with life.

The Brief Resilience Scale will be used (scores from 1-5). Higher scores indicate the individual perceives they have a better ability to 'bounce back' and recover from stressful events and/or situations.

The numeric rating scale is 0-10 where 0 is no pain, 5 is moderate pain and 10 is the worst pain

Using the Perceived Variety in Exercise questionnaire. There are 5 items asking about exercise variety, scored 1 (false) to 6 (true), with a possible score of 5-30; higher scores indicate greater perceived variety.

Metabolic Equivalents (METs) throughout a week, including activity for work, during transport and leisure time, using the self-reported general physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ).

CD4, CD8, PD1, CD62L, LKRG1, CD28, CD57, CD163, CD119, CD56, CD116, CD66b, CD11b, and CD14 by flow cytometry