Resistance Exercise in Severe Knee Osteoarthritis

Measure of knee pain intensity with the Visual Analogue Scale (0-100mm), with higher scores reflecting higher perceived pain intensity

Measured with a mechanical algometer (Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, CT, USA) in three sites (vastus medialis of the affected limb, vastus medialis of the unaffected limb, and distal to the non-dominant arm lateral epicondyle)

A self-administered questionnaire for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. contain 24 items grouped into three dimensions: pain (5 items), stiffness (2 items) and physical function (17 items). Higher scores on the WOMAC indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.

Measure fear of movement and its score ranges from 11-44 with higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia

Measures three domains of pain self-efficacy: pain management, physical functioning, and coping with symptoms management, physical functioning, and coping with symptomsmanagement, physical functioning, and coping with symptoms. A higher score suggests higher self-efficacy

People are asked to indicate the degree to which they have certain thoughts and feelings when they are experiencing pain using the 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time) scale. A total score is yielded (ranging from 0-52), along with three subscale scores assessing rumination, magnification and helplessness, with higher scores reflecting worse condition.