Research of Biomarkers of Activity and Efficacy of BIBW2992 in Untreated Non-metastatic HNSCC Patients

More than 500,000 new patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) are diagnosed each year around the world. Patients who relapse after primary therapy for locoregional disease and those who present with distant metastases have limited prognosis.

Drug therapy for cancer control and the palliation of patients with recurrent or metastatic SCCHN is currently suboptimal. In contemporary trials the most active cytotoxic drug combinations have response rates in the range of 30%, and are associated with frequent and severe toxicities and treatment-related mortality.

Molecular targeting has been demonstrated in oncology as a relevant strategy in cancer therapeutics. In March 2006, the FDA announced the approval of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cetuximab, for use in combination with radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced SCCHN. Furthermore, the addition of cetuximab to cisplatin and 5FU as first-line therapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic SCCHN has significantly improved overall survival when compared to cisplatin and 5FU alone. Phase II data of cetuximab given as monotherapy in recurrent or metastatic SCCHN patients who have progressed on platinum-based therapy have demonstrated an overall response rate of 13% and a median survival of about 6 months. Small molecules tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, seem to be slightly less effective than cetuximab. Based on these results, FDA has also approved cetuximab monotherapy use for this indication in recurrent or metastatic SCCHN.

However, despite high expression of EGFR in SCCHN, EGFR inhibitor monotherapy has only had modest activity. Potential mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies involve EGFR and K-Ras mutations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and activation of alternative and downstream pathways. Strategies to optimize EGFR-targeted therapy in head and neck cancer involve the selection for patients most likely to benefit and the use of therapies to target the network of pathways involved in tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.

Afatinib is an irreversible dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase. Preclinical data suggest that Afatinib might have a larger spectrum antitumor activity than EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In vivo and in vitro studies indeed showed that Afatinib displays antitumor activity in erlotinib/gefitinib-resistant lung models. Afatinib compared favourably to cetuximab in platinum-resistant metastatic SCCHN. In addition, Afatinib has shown promising antitumor activity in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer after trastuzumab failure and in metastatic adenocarcinomas of the lung harbouring EGFR activating mutations.

To date, predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers studies have mostly been performed in pre-treated metastatic patients. Erlotinib has been the most studied EGFR-targeted agent in terms of biomarkers identification in SCCHN. In the metastatic setting, sequential biopsies allowed correlating potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers with the outcome of patients treated with erlotinib. The decrease of p-EGFR in tumor tissue was associated with increased time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) in one study. In another study, elevated pre-treatment levels of p27 and p-STAT3 in tumor tissue predicted for prolonged TTP and OS, while a decrease in p-EGFR, p-NFkB and p27 correlated with increased TTP, OS or both. However, the lack of control arm precluded to draw any definitive conclusion. One study evaluated erlotinib in the neoadjuvant setting in untreated patients with operable SCCHN. Baseline p21 expression in tumor tissue correlated with clinical response to treatment. But again, the absence of control arm in this later study precluded drawing definitive conclusions regarding the potential predictive and pharmacodynamic value of the biomarkers under evaluation.

The main characteristics of our study are:

• the pre-operative setting in untreated patients with the advantage of having untreated patients for whom it is easy to get pre- and post-treatment tumor specimen, during initial panendoscopy and surgery, respectively
• the randomization versus no treatment which is the only way to be able to draw robust conclusions regarding the potential predictive and pharmacodynamic value of the biomarkers under evaluation. Single-arm phase II trials can only identify prognostic markers of activity, but not predictive biomarkers of activity.

Importantly, surgery will not be delayed in any case by the study. However, it is required that planning of surgery will enable patients to receive between 21 and 28 days of treatment to participate into the study given the planned date of surgery.

Inclusion criteria

• Age > 18 years
• Histologically or cytologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx, previously untreated, amenable to curative treatment with surgery. Patients with a diagnosis of SCCHN of occult primary may be enrolled only with the agreement of the lead investigator upon review of the relevant clinical records
• T2-4N0-2 tumors (except T2N0 endolaryngeal tumors)
• Absence of metastases determined by PET CT scan
• Planned date of surgery allowing the patient to receive between 21 and 28 days of treatment
• ECOG performance status ≤ 2
• Adequate bone marrow function (absolute neutrophil count > 1,000 cells/mm³, platelets > 75,000 cells/mm³)
• Adequate liver function (total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x UNL [upper normal limit], AST or ALT ≤ 3 x UNL)
• Adequate renal function (serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x UNL)
• Adequate cardiac function (a normal left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] of ≥ 50% as measured by MUGA scan or echocardiogram within 4 weeks prior to start of study treatment)
• Potentially reproductive patients must agree to use an effective contraceptive method while on treatment
• Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum beta-HCG pregnancy test within 7 days prior of enrollment and/or urine pregnancy 48 hours prior to the administration of the first study treatment
• Patients must be able to swallow tablets
• Patients must be willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests and other study procedures
• Patients must be affiliated to a Social Security System
• Patient information and written informed consent form signed

Exclusion criteria

• Primary site of head and neck carcinoma in nasopharynx, or skin
• T1N0 tumors and T2N0 endolaryngeal tumors
• Patients not candidate for primary curative surgery
• Planning of surgery not allowing the patient to receive 21 to 28 days of treatment
• Patients receiving other anti-cancer medication such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, biologic therapy or hormonal therapy (other than leuprolide or other GnRH agonists) within 30 days prior to the first dose of study drug and while on study treatment.
• Patients receiving other anti-cancer non-drug therapies: radiation, or tumor embolization within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study drug and while on study treatment.
• Patient being treated with anti-vitamin K (AVK). Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is allowed.
• Patient with uncontrolled infection
• Patients with other concurrent severe and/or uncontrolled medical disease which could compromise participation in the study, including uncontrolled diabetes,
• Clinically relevant cardiovascular abnormalities, as judged by the investigator, such as, but not limited to, uncontrolled hypertension, congestive heart failure NYHA classification > III, unstable angina, myocardial infarction within six months prior to randomisation, or poorly controlled arrhythmia, chronic liver or renal disease, severely impaired lung function
• Significant or recent acute gastrointestinal disorders with diarrhea as a major symptom e.g. Crohn's disease, malabsorption or CTCAE grade >1 diarrhea of any etiology at randomisation
• Known pre-existing Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
• Patients requiring comedication with potent P-gp inhibitors (including Cyclosporin, Erythromycin, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Quinidine, Phenobarbital salt with Quinidine, Ritonavir, Valspodar, Verapamil) or inducers (including St John's wort, rifampicin)
• Patients with a known HIV, active hepatitis B and/or C infection
• Pregnant women, women who are likely to be pregnant or are breast-feeding
• Patients with any psychological, familial, sociological or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule; those conditions should be discussed with the patient before registration in the trial
• Patients who received any other investigational drugs within 30 days prior to the screening visit and/or during the study
• Patients unwilling to participate in the biological investigations
• Individually deprived of liberty or placed under the authority of a tutor