Relation Between Degree of Lumbar Spine Curvature and Dynamic Knee Valgus in Smartphone Addicts

Kinovea software program will be used to assess lumbar curvature mainly the cobb angle of lumbar lordosis.

Colored markers can be placed on key anatomical landmarks ( spinous processes of L1-L5) while the subject stands in a relaxed, natural posture with feet shoulder-width apart.

the image will be captured from a lateral (side) view of the spine. and the Kinovea software will analyze and measure angle. Normal Lumbar Lordosis: ~30-60° (varies by method), hyperlordosis: >60° (excessive curvature), hypolordosis (Flat Back): <30° (reduced curvature).

A visual analogue scale (VAS) will be used to measure the intensity of low back pain. With a score of 0 for no pain and 10 for the worst pain ever. Patients rated their level of pain as mild if they scored 3.4 or less, moderate if they scored 3.5 to 7.4, and severe if they scored 7.5 or higher.

The smart phone addiction scale (SAS) will be used to assess smartphone addiction.

This is a valid and reliable 10-question measure for diagnosing smartphone addiction. Each question has a potential value ranging from 1 to 6, and the overall questionnaire score can range from 10 to 60 points. A score of 34 is regarded a cut-off for smartphone addiction, with higher values suggesting stronger addiction.

Hand held dynamometer will be used to assess quadriceps muscle strength. The patient sat on a chair with 90° hip/knee flexion; dynamometer placed 2-5 centimeters above malleoli on anterior tibia. the patient will be asked to push your leg forward as hard as possible.

Test execution:

Contraction Type: Isometric (hold 3-5 seconds (sec)). Trials: 3 repetitions (30-sec rest between trials). Recording: Peak force from the best of 3 trials. Normal measuring: Men: ~35-45 kg (77-99 lbs). Women: ~25-35 kg (55-77 lbs)

Kinovea software will be used to assess the dynamic knee valgus angle from a frontal view during a single-leg squat. Marks will be placed on hip at anterior superior iliac spine, Knee midpoint, and ankle midpoint. Measure the angle between the hip-knee-ankle line (180° = neutral, <180° = valgus). The depth of the squat task to 60°will be determined by placing a block behind the participant, and the gluteal muscles contact the block at 60° knee flexion. The non-dominant leg will be held with 90° knee flexion and 45° hip flexion during the whole task. The test will be considered successful if: 1) the person maintains the correct position during the test; 2) he performs the test at the predetermined pace; 3) the suspended leg does not touch the ground; 4) the heel of the dominant foot rests on the ground.