Rehabilitation With Dual-task Exercises to Improve Balance in Patients With Parkinson's Disease

It is a widely used scale to assess the severity of symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. It consists of four sections: non-motor and mental aspects, motor aspects, motor complications, and treatment. It evaluates aspects such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, balance, and daily activities.

It is a staging scale that classifies the severity of Parkinson's disease into five stages, from mild (stage 1) to severe (stage 5), based on the presence of motor symptoms and functional impairment.

The MoCA is a screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. It is designed to detect mild and moderate cognitive impairments, such as those associated with dementia or other neurological conditions. The scale covers various cognitive domains, including attention, concentration, memory, language, visuospatial abilities, abstraction, calculation, and orientation. The maximum score is 30 points, and a score below 26 may indicate the presence of cognitive impairment.

Two distinct but related scales:

• Tinetti Balance Scale: assesses fall risk through various balance tests.
• Tinetti Gait Scale: evaluates gait and the related risk of falling. Both scales are used to identify individuals at risk of falling and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions.

It is a simple test that measures the time a person takes to stand up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, return, and sit down. It is used to assess balance and fall risk.

It is a subjective scale that allows patients to rate their level of pain on a 10 cm line, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain.

It assesses the fear of movement or reactivation due to pain or risk of injury. It consists of questions that measure the fear of moving and becoming active again.

It is a subjective scale used to assess a patient's overall perception of improvement or worsening after an intervention or treatment. A 7-point scale is typically used, where the patient indicates whether they feel much improved, improved, unchanged, worsened, or much worsened. It is a simple and quick tool to obtain a global assessment of the perceived effectiveness of the treatment.

It is a scale used to assess the level of independence in activities of daily living (ADLs). It includes 10 items covering activities such as eating, dressing, personal hygiene, mobility, using the toilet, continence, and walking or moving around. Each activity is scored, contributing to a total maximum score of 100, where a higher score indicates greater independence.

It is a tool used to assess health-related quality of life. It includes five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has five levels of severity, ranging from no problems to extreme problems. In addition, it includes a visual analogue scale (VAS) where the patient rates their overall health on a scale from 0 to 100. It is widely used in clinical research and public health assessments.

It measures the patient's confidence in their ability to maintain balance during various daily activities. It consists of 16 items, each rated on a scale from 0% (no confidence) to 100% (complete confidence). It is particularly useful for assessing fall risk and the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions aimed at improving balance and safety in daily activities.