Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency With Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure

Current medical therapy for end stage liver disease is focused on substitution of blood or plasma products, volume expansion or antibiotic treatment. The only specific treatment is liver transplantation, which is limited by available organs and may be a therapeutic option only for a very minority of patients with recently deteriorated end stage liver disease. The clinical management of defect hepatic synthesis and metabolic regulation has been improved dramatically within the past decades by the development of transfusion and intensive care medicine, but the replacement of detoxification has been more difficult, as the majority of endogenous toxins accumulating in liver failure is bound to albumin. Therefore, conventional dialysis and hemofiltration have been shown to be ineffective for their removal. The present study is based on the theory, that supporting the failing liver by the removal of toxic substances with a biocompatible method (the MARS system) may improve the capacity for recovery of the patient.

Inclusion criteria

• Signed written informed consent by patient or next of kin
• Age greater than 18 years
• Patients with a recent clinical severe decompensation of a presumed cirrhosis (based on clinical evaluation or radiological imaging) related to a precipitating (trigger) event (e.g. infection, bleeding, alcohol abuse)
• Intrahepatic cholestasis (bilirubin greater than 5 mg/dl or greater than 85 µmol/l, respectively) without evidence of extrahepatic origin
• and at least one of the following three:
• Hepatorenal syndrome (impaired renal function with creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl or greater than 133µmol/l without evidence of reduced vascular volume [e.g. central venous pressure {CVP} greater than 8 cm H2O] and no evidence of pre-existing renal failure)
• Hepatic Encephalopathy greater than or equal to II°
• Progressive Hyperbilirubinaemia: defined as a more than 50% increase of bilirubin before enrolment, whether in referral or currently in hospital up to a level of greater than 20 mg/dl (or greater than 340 µmol/l)

Exclusion criteria

• Progressive jaundice and deterioration as a natural course of a chronic liver disease without precipitating (trigger) event
• Severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than or equal to 50 Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase [GPT]/l)
• Severe coagulopathy (International Normalised Ratio [INR] greater than 2.3)
• Need for renal replacement therapy within three days prior to enrolment
• Severe infection without antibiotic treatment for at least 24 hours. Uncontrolled bacterial infection
• Active bleeding within 48 hours prior to enrolment
• Proven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) greater than 4 cm or infiltration of portal vein or acute portal vein thrombosis
• Severe cardiopulmonary disease (New York Heart Association [NYHA] greater than or equal to 2)
• Pregnancy/lactation
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 60 mmHg despite vasopressor agents (norepinephrine greater than 1 µg/kg/min) for blood pressure support
• Overt clinical evidence for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
• Clinical evidence for coma of non-hepatic origin
• Extra-hepatic cholestasis
• Severe intrinsic renal disease
• Extended surgical procedure within the last four weeks or unsolved surgical problems
• Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection