Recognizing Children's Needs: Impact on Early Childhood Regulatory Problems

Infant sleep-wake patterns will be measured using the Revised-Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ-R). The BISQ-R is a parent-reported screening tool designed to evaluate sleep patterns in infants and young children. This scale consists of 33 questions with 19 questions for scoring. There are 3 subscales including infant sleep, parent perception, and parent behavior. The total and each subscale score ranges from 0 to 100. The total score is the average of the 3 subscale scores. Higher scores indicate better sleep quality, more positive perception of infant sleep, and parental behaviors that promote healthy and independent sleep. The survey has been validated in Turkish.

Crying: In the present study, the assessment of crying will be conducted in accordance with the methodology employed in the research conducted by Bilgin A. et al.. A child will be considered to have a crying problem if at least one of the following three measures is present:

• At 6 months:

• Crying for 120 minutes or more (assessed as Yes/No)
• Difficulty or great difficulty soothing the baby (Easy/Difficult)
• Mother perceives the crying as disturbing (assessed as Yes/No)
• At 12 months:

• Crying for 60 minutes or more (assessed as Yes/N(note: this data is not available in the Bilgin A.'s study-only collected at 0, 3, 6, and 18 months)o)
• Difficulty or great difficulty soothing the baby (Easy/Difficult)
• Mother perceives the crying as disturbing (assessed as Yes/No)
• At 18 months:

• Crying for 60 minutes or more (assessed as Yes/No)
• Difficulty or great difficulty soothing the baby (Easy/Difficult)
• Mother perceives the crying as disturbing (assessed as Yes/No)

Feeding: In the present study, the feeding will be assessed in accordance with the methodology employed by Bilgin A. et al. Feeding problems will be evaluated in participants using two general items. This section will assess selective eating/food refusal.

• At 6 months: fighting with breast/bottle will be assessed (Yes/No).
• At 12 and 18 months: selective eating/food refusal will be assessed by asking the following items (Yes/No for each):

• eating very little
• leaving most of the food offered
• lack of appetite
• being selective about foods
• eating slowly
• refusing lumpy/textured foods
• even refusing pureed foods

Parental Reflective Functioning will be measured using the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). The PRFQ is an 18 item parent report instrument with three subscales: Interest and Curiosity (IC), Certainty about Mental States (CMS), and Pre mentalizing Modes (PM). Items are rated on a 7 point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Subscale scores reflect distinct aspects of parental mentalizing (IC: interest in the child's mental states; CMS: tolerance of uncertainty about mental states; PM: non mentalizing or maladaptive attributions), and higher scores have different interpretations depending on the subscale. The measure has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency in validation studies and a validated Turkish short form is available.

My Emotions Questionnaire (MEQ) will be used to assess mothers' emotional responses to infant crying. The MEQ is a 20 item parent report measure comprising five subscales: Amusement, Anxiety, Frustration, Sympathy, and Protective. Items are summed to produce subscale and total scores (range 20-100); higher scores indicate more frequent or problematic emotional responses. A Turkish reliability and validity study of this questionnaire will be conducted concurrently. Permission for use and ethics committee approval has been obtained.

Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire - Very Short Form (ECBQ VSF) will be administered as a parent report measure of temperament for children aged 18th and 36th months. The ECBQ VSF contains 36 items rated on a 7 point Likert scale (1 = never to 7 = always) and yields three subscale scores: Negative Affectivity, Surgency (Extraversion), and Effortful Control. Each subscale score is calculated as the mean of its constituent item scores (items requiring reverse scoring should be recoded prior to averaging). Higher scores indicate greater expression of the corresponding temperament dimension (e.g., higher Negative Affectivity -more frequent/intense negative emotion; higher Effortful Control = stronger self regulation).

Parenting Stress Scale (PSS) will be used for parent reported measure of parenting stress. The PSS is a 16 item, 5 point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) that assesses perceived stress related to parenting. Total scores range from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater parenting stress. The scale is organized into four subscales: Parental Rewards, Parental Stressors, Lack of Control and Parental Satisfaction. The maximum score is 80, and the minimum score is 16. Higher scores indicate more problematic responses.

Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire - Very Short Form (ECBQ VSF) will be administered as a parent report measure of temperament for children aged 18th and 36th months (19). The ECBQ VSF contains 36 items rated on a 7 point Likert scale (1 = never to 7 = always) and yields three subscale scores: Negative Affectivity, Surgency (Extraversion), and Effortful Control. Each subscale score is calculated as the mean of its constituent item scores (items requiring reverse scoring should be recoded prior to averaging). Higher scores indicate greater expression of the corresponding temperament dimension (e.g., higher Negative Affectivity -more frequent/intense negative emotion; higher Effortful Control = stronger self regulation).