RANK-ligand Inhibition to Combat Sarcopenia with Underlying Osteoporosis

The time taken to walk 6 metres without deceleration. Average result of 2 trials is recorded. Slow speed is defined as <1.0m/s.

The time to rise from a chair 5 times is recorded. The cut-off for is taken at >=12 seconds.

Determined with Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Horizon®, DXA system, Hologic, USA). Total ASM by DXA is evaluated by segmented measurement of muscle mass at four limbs by operator-defined cutlines at specific anatomical landmarks. ASM is adjusted to square of height to calculate ASMI (kg/m2). Low ASMI by DXA is < 7 kg/m2 for men and 5.4 kg/m2 for women.

Assessed by spring-type hand dynamometer (JAMAR Hand Dynamometer 5030JO). Cut-off for men is < 28kg, and female is <18kg. Maximum reading of 3 trials using dominant hand in a maximum-effort isometric contraction

Measured on affected limb with isometric dynamometer (Baseline, Genova, Italy). Subject will sit on a chair with both feet above ground, while raising the affected leg 45° forwards. The dynamometer is placed above the ankle and the subject will push the leg forward with maximum force. Measurements will be repeated 3 times and maximum value will be used for evaluation

The Basic Balance Master System (NeuroCom International Inc, USA) is used to measure static and dynamic ability of subjects to maintain center of balance. Subjects will stand barefoot on force plate and control location of their center-of-gravity by weight-shifting to eight different targets. Measured parameters of limits of stability test includes directional control (%).

The Basic Balance Master System (NeuroCom International Inc, USA) is used to measure static and dynamic ability of subjects to maintain center of balance. Subjects will stand barefoot on force plate and control location of their center-of-gravity by weight-shifting to eight different targets. Measured parameters of limits of stability test includes movement velocity (degrees/s)

The Basic Balance Master System (NeuroCom International Inc, USA) is used to measure static and dynamic ability of subjects to maintain center of balance. Subjects will stand barefoot on force plate and control location of their center-of-gravity by weight-shifting to eight different targets. Measured parameters of limits of stability test includes endpoint excursion (%)

The Basic Balance Master System (NeuroCom International Inc, USA) is used to measure static and dynamic ability of subjects to maintain center of balance. Subjects will stand barefoot on force plate and control location of their center-of-gravity by weight-shifting to eight different targets. Measured parameters of limits of stability test includes maximum excursion (%)

The Basic Balance Master System (NeuroCom International Inc, USA) is used to measure static and dynamic ability of subjects to maintain center of balance. Subjects will stand barefoot on force plate and control location of their center-of-gravity by weight-shifting to eight different targets. Measured parameters of limits of stability test includes reaction time(s)

To assess the occurrence of falls, patients are required to self-report via a fall calendar, which will be returned at 1-year

Assess occurrence of a fracture within a year of study period.

The highest score is 900, and the lowest score is 0. Highest score indicates a better quality of life.

It assesses the types of activities typically chosen by older adults, ranging from 0 to 793, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity

Daily and weekly intake of 280 food items will be performed using a validated food frequency questionnaire developed in a local population survey. Mean nutrient quantitation and energy intake per day will be calculated referring to food composition tables derived from the Chinese Medical Sciences Institute and Centre for Food Safety in Hong Kong.

Number and cause of emergency hospital admission within 1 year of study period are documented.

Mortality within 1-year of study period is documented.