Race, Menopause and Metabolism After Exercise and Diet

The findings of this study will also determine whether there are racial differences in the whole body and cellular mechanisms by which aerobic exercise training and weight loss affect glucose, lipid, fat and muscle metabolism in African-American vs. Caucasian postmenopausal women. The results also may provide a rationale for targeting specific populations of women who might improve glucose, lipid, fat and muscle metabolism more from the addition of exercise to dietary restriction than weight loss alone to reduce their risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

The study protocol consists of the following phases:

Phase 1-Recruitment and screening.

Phase 2-Weight and dietary stabilization for 4-6 weeks, where participants are taught the principles of the American Heart Association "Heart Healthy" diet and provided food to consume prior to testing.

Phase 3-Participants will undergo research testing including glucose clamp and fat biopsy.

Phase 4-Participants select either weight loss only, or exercise plus weight loss. The behavior diet modification weight loss sessions are held by a registered dietitian for 1 hour once a week for 6-9 months where the recommended caloric intake for each participant is adjusted by the dietitian to elicit a weight loss of approximately 0.2-0.4 kg per week. In addition to the weight loss sessions, participants who select the aerobic exercise plus weight loss intervention will exercise at the Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) exercise facility 3 times a week for 6-9 months using treadmills and other aerobic exercise equipment. Exercise sessions begin at low levels of VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) and progress in duration and intensity until the participant is able to exercise at more than 75% VO2max for 45 minutes.

Phase 5-Following the 6-9 months of long-term weight loss or exercise plus weight loss, all participants will undergo long-term metabolic testing.

Inclusion criteria

• Female
• 45-80 yrs of age
• Non-smoking for one year
• BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 and less than 50 kg/m2
• Menopause over 1 year
• Caucasian or African American ethnicity

Exclusion criteria

Both groups

• Currently being treated for active cancer
• Type 1 diabetes; insulin treatment; poorly controlled (fasting blood sugar over 160 mg/dl)
• Allergic to lidocaine or heparin
• Untreated dyslipidemia, receiving triglyceride-lowering meds
• Other systemic disorders that are not medically treated and stable
• Taking beta-blockers, oral steroids, warfarin or any other medications interfering with fat/muscle metabolism that may not be safely discontinued temporarily for specific procedures (i.e. for 72 hours prior)
• Abnormal liver or renal function; chronic pulmonary disease (on supplemental oxygen); anemia
• MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) below 24, dementia or unstable clinical depression by exam
• Women of ethnicity other than Caucasian or African American
• Symptomatic heart disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or uncontrolled hypertension unless medically stabilized
• Abnormal response to exercise test (chest pain, significant arrhythmias, extreme shortness of breath, cyanosis, exercising blood pressure above 240/120mm Hg, or other contraindications to exercise)

Exercise plus weight loss group only

• Medical history of CVD (cardiovascular disease) with symptoms limiting ability to exercise
• Physical impairment limiting normal activity
• Aerobically trained with VO2max greater than 2 SD (standard deviation) above age-adjusted mean