PULsecath mechanicaL Support Evaluation

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Myocardial Oxygen Consumption (MVO2) following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in PVA will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.mL

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Cardiac Output (CO), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in CO will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: L/min

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Mean Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (mPCWP), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in mPCWP will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in PCWP v-wave (vPCWP), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in vPCWP will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in mPAP will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Pulmonary Artery Oxygen Saturation, also known as Mixed Oxygen Saturation (SVO2), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in SVO2 will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: %

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Right Atrial Pressure (RAP), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in RAP will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in Preload-recruitable Stroke Work (PRSW), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in PRSW will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the Starling Contractile Index (SCI), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in SCI will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg/ml⋅s

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the End-systolic Wall Stress (WSes), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in WSes will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg.

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the first derivative of pressure over time (+dP/dtmax), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in +dP/dtmax will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: mmHg/s

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in SVR will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: (dyn∙s)/(cm^(-5))

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in PVR will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: (dyn∙s)/(cm^(-5))

Numerical continuous variable representing the change in the Cardiac Power Output (CPO), following ventricular unloading. The PULSE trial will measure in real-time how discrepant this measurement can be when resulting from continuous or pulsatile flow ventricular assist devices. This is not a time-to-event outcome: the change in CPO will be obtained from real-time data collected during the intervention. The time frame will be the time of the Intervention. Unit: Watts

Numerical continuous variable. Change in Hematocrit (Ht) as an indicative of bleeding or hemolysis. Unit: %

Numerical continuous variable. Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) as an indicative of bleeding or hemolysis. Unit: mmol/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in Platelet Count as an indicative of bleeding events. Unit: 10^9/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in haptoglobin as an indicative of hemolytic events. Unit: g/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in total and conjugated bilirubin as an indicative of hemolytic events. Unit: umol/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in lactate dehydrogenase as an indicative of hemolytic events. Unit: U/L.

Numerical continuous variable. Change in hs-troponin as an indicative of myocardial necrosis. Unit: ng/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in creatinephosphokinase (CK) as an indicative of myocardial necrosis. Unit: U/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in creatinophosphokinase MB mass assay (CKMB-mass) as an indicative of myocardial necrosis. Unit: ug/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as an indicative of chamber overload. Unit: pmol/L

Numerical continuous variable. Change in serum lactate as an indicative of hypoperfusion states. Unit: mmol/L.

Numerical continuous variable. Change in serum creatinine as an indicative of acute kidney injury. Unit: umol/L

Constitutes one of the components of the MACCE composite endpoint: all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and repeat revascularization (PCI or CABG). Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

According to the "Fourth Universal Definition of Acute Myocardial Infarction". Constitutes one of the components of the MACCE composite endpoint: all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and repeat revascularization (PCI or CABG). Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

As per VARC 2 definitions 2013 J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:6-23. Constitutes one of the components of the MACCE composite endpoint: all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and repeat revascularization (PCI or CABG). Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

As per ARC definition - Circulation. 2007;115:2344-2351. Constitutes one of the components of the MACCE composite endpoint: all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and repeat revascularization (PCI or CABG). Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

Major bleeding (BARC 3 to 5), according to the BARC Bleeding Classification (BARC definitions 2011. Circulation. 2011; 123(23): 2736-47. Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

Major vascular complications (e.g.: arteriovenous fistula, limb ischemia), as per VARC-2 definitions (VARC 2 definitions 2013, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:6-23) . Time-to-event variable, measured in days.

Acute renal dysfunction (AKIN 1 or above), using the AKIN Classification as described in the VARC-2 definitions (VARC 2 definitions 2013 J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:6-23).

Increase in aortic regurgitation by more than one grade (TTE). Binary outcome obtained at the second echocardiogram, performed at discharge.

Severe hypotension (MAP < 60mmHg for more than 10 minutes despite fluid resuscitation or use of vasoactive amines to maintain MAP ≥ 60 mm Hg), or shock, defined based on the definition from the SHOCK trial (1) SBP ≤ 90mmHg for at least 30 minutes, (2) Need for vasopressors to maintain SBP > 90mmHg; (3) evidence of end-organ hypoperfusion; (4) Evidence of elevated filling pressures. A similar concept has been applied in the BCIS-1 study to measure procedural instability (JAMA. 2010;304(8):867-874).

VT requiring cardioversion and / or need for CPR. Binary outcome, VF at anytime during follow up. Time-to-event analysis, measured in days.

Angiographic failure/ procedural failure, as defined in the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Circulation. 2011;124:e574-e651): post PCI TIMI flow < III, residual stenosis (>50% post-balloon or > 10% post stenting), or presence of thrombus, side branch loss or flow limiting dissection. It is a binary outcome (yes/no answer). No time-to-event analysis will be applied.

Time to hospital discharge (in days).

Numerical continuous variable. Change in LVEF measured by trans-thoracic echocardiography at baseline and discharge. Not a time-to-event variable. Unit: %