Pulse Study: Peripheral Use of Low-dose Vasopressors for Safety and Efficacy in the Intensive Care Unit

In the intensive care unit (ICU), vasopressors are administered when fluid resuscitation alone cannot maintain adequate blood pressure in patients with shock. The standard of care for continuous infusions of vasopressors is through a central venous catheter (CVC) rather than a peripheral venous catheter (PVC). The use of CVCs prevents extravasation, which can lead to local tissue ischemia resulting in necrosis. However, CVC placement is not a benign procedure requiring a skilled clinician and the use of ultrasound guidance to prevent complications such as pneumothorax, bleeding or erroneous arterial cannulation. Furthermore, complications related to the maintenance of CVCs include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs). These recognized complications occur in more than 15% of patients. There is a growing interest in peripheral vasopressor use for two main reasons: to expedite vasopressor administration in patients with refractory shock and to potentially avoid CVC placement and it complications. However, there remains no standardized protocols and many clinicians still believe that vasopressors must be infused through a CVC despite current evidence showing the safety of peripheral vasopressors. However, to date only observational studies have been performed. A randomized control trial is needed to provide high quality data to improve the future use of peripheral vasopressors, which has the potential to positively impact patient care.

The investigators will perform a feasibility study for the implementation of a peripheral vasopressor protocol. They will also assess the safety of the peripheral vasopressor protocol and evaluate clinically relevant outcomes, which will be listed below. The investigators hypothesize that implementing a peripheral vasopressor protocol is feasible and safe.

Aim 1: Adapt a peripheral vasopressor protocol and perform a feasibility study. The investigators will conduct a feasibility study to determine the efficacy of a peripheral vasopressor protocol. In collaboration with an ICU pharmacist, the investigators will adopt a peripheral vasopressor protocol at Kingston Health Sciences Center to determine the dosages and concentrations of each vasopressor. The participants will be randomized 1:1:1 into a low-dose peripheral vasopressor group vs. a dose peripheral vasopressor group vs a high-dose peripheral vasopressor group vs a CVC group. Based on the admission rates of our ICU, the investigators aim to recruit 25 patients into each group. They will investigate the feasibility of recruitment, data capture rate, acceptability rate by nursing staff and providers of the peripheral vasopressor protocol and avoidance rate of CVC placement.

Aim 2a: Perform a safety assessment of peripheral vasopressor protocol. The investigators will assess the safety of peripheral vasopressor administration after two months of protocol initiation. Specific adverse events to be captured include extravasation (+/- tissue necrosis), pneumothorax, arterial cannulation, and deep vein thrombosis. The investigators will assess any differences in adverse events between the low-dose peripheral vasopressor group vs the high-dose peripheral vasopressor group vs the CVC group, which will be reported as proportions. The investigators hypothesize that peripheral vasopressor use will be safe compared to the CVC group, with few to no adverse events.

Aim 2b: Determine the impact of a peripheral vasopressor protocol on clinically relevant outcomes. This feasibility study will investigate secondary outcomes such as alive and central line-free days, infection rates including CLABSIs, mortality and ICU/hospital length of stay. The investigators will report these outcomes as medians with 95% confidence intervals.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18 or older who do not have a central line or PICC line already placed
• Presence of shock requiring vasopressors at the following minimum doses: norepinephrine 5 mcg/min, phenylephrine 50 mcg/min, epinephrine 5 mc/min, dobutamine 5 mcg/kg/min

Exclusion criteria

• Urgent need for dialysis requiring placement of hemodialysis catheter
• More than two vasopressors are required to maintain a MAP >65 on admission to the ICU
• Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy