Public Perceptions Toward Robotic Surgery, Telesurgery and Telemedicine

Primary outcomes

1. Public acceptance of robotic surgery

   Time frame: Baseline

   The level of acceptance toward robotic surgery among the general public, measured using a 5-point Likert scale assessing willingness to receive robotic-assisted procedures under hypothetical clinical scenarios. Higher scores indicate greater acceptance.

2. Public acceptance of telesurgery and telemedicine

   Time frame: Baseline

   The degree of acceptance of telesurgery among the general public, assessed via a validated questionnaire evaluating willingness to undergo remote surgery, perceived safety, and perceived reliability of network-based surgical systems.

3. Public perceived risk of robotic and telesurgery

   Time frame: Baseline

   Perceived risk associated with robotic surgery and telesurgery, including concerns about device malfunction, network failure, surgical autonomy, and responsibility attribution, assessed using a multi-item Likert scale. Higher scores indicate higher perceived risk.

4. Physicians' training needs score (assessed by self-designed questionnaire)

   Time frame: Baseline

   This measure assesses physicians' perceived training needs regarding required skills (e.g., simulation, console operation) and preferred modalities (e.g., online courses, wet labs). Participants rate items on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Not needed, 5=Highly needed).