Puberty, Sex Hormones and Pain Sensitivity in Adolescents With Migraine

The Thermal Sensory Analyzer (TSA-II or PATHWAY platform - Medoc, Ramat Yishai, Israel) will be used to safely deliver heat and cold stimuli. These devices can deliver relatively complex stimuli via computer control. All targeted stimulus temperatures will be less than 50°C, and participants will be free to remove their arm or leg at any time from the thermode. Noxious cold stimuli will also be delivered with a plastic water container or a water bath (FISHER, USA). Participants will be free to pull out of the water bath at any time.

Pressure stimuli will be applied by using a handheld algometer (Wagner Instruments) or the Pressure Algometer (Medoc, Ramat Yishai, Israel). These devices have a round probe that allows quantifying the amount of pressure that is being applied. The Pressure Algometer allows a real-time visual feedback to control and monitor applied pressure rates. Pressure will be applied to the lower leg, volar forearm, or trapezius.

Pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings will be assessed.

Pressure will be increased continually and participants will be instructed to press a button the first moment they feel pain from the pressure stimulus. The first threshold measurement will be used as a familiarization. The average threshold is calculated from three measurements.

The CPM paradigm assesses endogenous inhibitory pain modulation efficiency. CPM testing includes the application of a "test" stimulus without conditioning (control run, pressure pain thresholds) and a subsequent application of the same test stimulus together with a conditioning stimulus (conditioning run, a 60 second of foot immersion in cold water). The CPM response is the difference in the pressure pain thresholds between the control and the conditioning runs.

Adolescents with migraine will complete questions regarding their headache frequency. Migraine disability will be assessed using PedMIDAS (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment). This self-reported questionnaire assesses the number of days that headaches affect participant's daily activities. This is a widely used, reliable and validated tool to assess migraine disability.

Blood samples (approximetly 2 tablespoons) will be collected for analyses of sex hormone levels (e.g., testosterone, estradiol, progesterone).

Pubertal status will be assessed using the self-reported Physical Developmental Scale-Wave 3 survey, which allows for differentiation between pre-, early-, late-, and post-pubertal status. Early puberty is defined as a score of 3 and no menarche, mid-puberty is defined as 4 and no menarche, late pubertal is defined as a score of 7 points or less and with menarche, and post pubertal is defined as a score of 8 and menarche. For boys, pubertal maturation status will be determined by the Physical Development Scale using the body hair growth voice change and facial hair questions. Early puberty is defined as a score of 4-5, mid-puberty is defined as a score of 6-8, late pubertal is defined as a score of 9-11 points, and post pubertal is defined as a score of 12.