Protocol for Inpatient Nursing Frailty Assessment (INFA)

The Inpatient Nursing Frailty Assessment (INFA) programme is a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)-based care model that targets frail older adults acutely admitted to the hospital under non-geriatrician care.

Briefly, the INFA programme includes: (1) A comprehensive geriatric syndrome screening tool, merging multiple assessment areas into a streamlined Epic template. This unified system optimises patient data capture and monitoring, promoting early detection of geriatric syndromes; (2) Nurse-led intervention protocols, offering detailed strategies for managing identified geriatric syndromes. This development equips nurses with skills to address complex needs of frail adults, through additional training and supervision; (3) An improved referral process for complex cases to specialist Geriatric nursing and medical care; and (4) Comprehensive early discharge planning and systematic follow-up procedures involving both internal hospital personnel and external community service teams.

This study aims to use the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) including its Outcomes Addendum to guide the evaluation of the effectiveness and implementation of the INFA programme over two phases: pre-implementation and implementation.

In the pre-implementation phase, a detailed written description of the INFA care model will be produced. We will also create a logic model to describe the activities, outputs and outcomes of INFA will be constructed and a theory of change model to explain the causal pathways linking them will be developed. The investigators will engage implementors (healthcare professionals) through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) to understand their perspectives on various contextual factors to implementing the INFA program, thereby enhancing the chances of successful and sustained implementation.

Each participant will attend either a FGD or IDI covering the barriers and facilitators, framed as CFIR determinants, that influence the acceptability, feasibility, and adoptability of the INFA programme, prior to implementation.

The investigators will identify strategies from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change compilation (ERIC) before using the CFIR-ERIC matching tool to select implementation strategies to address CFIR-identified contextual barriers based on the implementer's views.

In the implementation phase, the investigators will apply a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with intervention and control groups to examine the effects of the INFA intervention compared to standard care.In the implementation phase, the investigators will apply a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with intervention and control groups to examine the effects of the INFA intervention compared to standard care. There will be one control and one intervention ward in General Medicine and General Surgery wards. Evaluations on the primary outcome of interest - Functional status - will occur at baseline (admission), discharge, and six months post-discharge. Secondary outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis will also be collected and analyzed during this study.

Importantly, the implementation phase involves implementation research. The investigators will evaluate the degree of adoption and implementation outcomes of the INFA program, and likelihood of these interventions being delivered long-term and scaled-up. Secondly, the investigators will evaluate the selected implementation strategies in action by examining adoption and fidelity, and also identify the CFIR determinants that influence these implementation outcomes. This will be done through FGDs/IDIs with the nursing leadership, programme implementers, and older adults. Additionally, the logic model and theory of change will be refined.

Inclusion criteria

[Pre-implementation]:

• Participants are healthcare professionals (nurses, doctors, allied health workers, nursing/clinical leadership) who are involved in the conceptualisation, implementation and/or delivery of the INFA programme.
• They are able to share their views on the anticipated barriers and facilitators of implementing and delivering the INFA programme.
• They consent to participating in the focus group discussion or in-depth interview.

Exclusion criteria

[Pre-implementation]:

• They do not consent to participating.

Inclusion criteria

[Implementation]:

• Participants are 65 years or older
• Has a Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) rating of 4-6
• Admitted to surgical and general medical wards

Exclusion criteria

[Implementation]:

• All elective admissions
• Individuals admitted from nursing or sheltered homes
• Patients who are admitted for less than 48 hours.