Protocol Feasibility Study of HENRY

Background:

Childhood obesity impacts physiological and psychological health that tracks into adulthood; increasing risk of morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. It incurs significant costs on the UK economy, with an expected 7-fold increase in related NHS costs by 2020, and forecasted £2 billion annual spend by 2030[3]. Tackling obesity is a key NHS public health priority, with government strategies aimed at reversing the trend of rising childhood obesity levels to return to those of 2000. Whilst treating obesity remains a priority, there are compelling arguments to prevent its onset. Establishing healthy behaviours in early childhood is critical for optimum growth and development [4]. Further, poor eating patterns developed early can persist and are associated with chronic diseases in adulthood (e.g. cardiovascular disease, type-2-diabetes [5]). Once established, obesity is difficult to reverse[6]; strengthening the case for primary prevention[7]. Early preventive interventions are therefore essential to impact the health of our children now and in the future [8].

Interventions aimed at treating obesity report inconsistent results [9-11, 6, 12, 13], though there is agreement that multi-component interventions, especially those engaging parents have a greater impact [14, 6]. Proposed research involves an independent evaluation of an existing preschool obesity prevention intervention. The HENRY programme was developed in 2007 with Department of Health and Department for Education support and is currently delivered across the UK by approximately 35 Local Authorities providing ~190 courses/year. Over 10,000 families have already participated. It is delivered in the community, predominantly by Children's Centre staff [15]. HENRY uses a responsive approach to provide practical guidance and improve parenting skills, aimed at enhancing family homes and Children's Centre environments. These are intervention targets that are consistent with recent literature in childhood obesity. Preliminary data indicates that HENRY may be effective at reducing childhood obesity and improving family health [15] although evidence to date has not compared findings with parents who have not attended HENRY; thus, further robust evaluation using a RCT design is needed to confirm its effectiveness. A good deal of public money has already been used to develop and commission HENRY and it is essential to demonstrate clear benefits of the programme before further funding. Given the uncertainties associated with recruiting local authorities, service providers and Children's Centres, it is necessary to conduct research in advance of a definitive multi-site trial. The models of commissioning and delivering HENRY are complex and vary by location. In some instance, HENRY is commissioned by local authorities and delivered by existing Centre staff. In others, Children's Centres are tendered to external service providers (e.g. Barnardo's) who are responsible for commissioning programmes such as HENRY. This study will assess feasibility of the planned recruitment rate at the authority, Centre and parent level and ensure competence of programme delivery; in addition to providing vital information for calculation of the sample size for the future trial. A future trial will be used to offer commissioners an evidence based intervention, tested in Children's Centres in the UK and to provide much needed evidence on the effectiveness of early obesity prevention in primary care settings.

Aim:

The feasibility study aims to determine the feasibility of undertaking a full trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the HENRY programme in preventing childhood obesity.

Primary Objectives:

• To determine whether it is feasible to recruit local authorities/service providers that are willing to nominate Children's Centres to be involved in the research (allowing randomisation where they would usually select Centres most in need).
• To assess the time required to train and certify staff to delivery HENRY programmes in order to propose a clear process and timeline for the definitive trial
• To determine whether it is possible to recruit parents to the study, who are enrolled to attend a HENRY programme; and the practicality of recruiting parents to the study from control Centres, where the pathway to recruitment is less defined compared to the HENRY Centres.
• To explore the current landscape of HENRY commissioning, provision and delivery via postal screening questionnaire and qualitative data collection in areas currently delivering HENRY
• To explore the level of contamination, including the degree to which parents use multiple Centres, the amount of contamination through social networks (control and HENRY parents sharing knowledge) and the possibility of HENRY trained facilitators sharing knowledge within control Centres.

Secondary Objectives:

• To examine the acceptability and completeness of the proposed methods of data collection to ensure they are feasible for the definitive trial.
• To gather data to allow estimation of the sample size requirements for the definitive trial.
• To assess the acceptability of the design for parents, commissioners and Centre staff; particularly related to withholding HENRY training in control Centres until the end of the study.
• To provide evidence that participants fully understand and accept their involvement in the study via feedback questionnaire and qualitative assessment.

• To determine the practicalities of delivering the required number of HENRY programmes within the trial period in regards to programme implementation.

Progression rules:

• Recruitment of local authorities (and their service providers (if applicable)): Green = two local authorities within 12 months; Red = Less than two local authorities within 12 months
• Randomisation of Children's Centres: Green = at least 12 Centres randomised within 12 months; Amber = 9-12 Centres randomised within 12 months; Red = less than 9 randomised within 12 months.
• Recruitment of parents: Green = an average of at least 4 parents registered per programme (or control group equivalent); Amber = 3 parents registered per programme; Red = less than 3 parents registered per programme.

Objectives related to staff training, collection of data and estimating sample size are included to support the design of the definitive trial, rather than acting as progression criteria.

Design:

This is a multi-centre, open labelled, two group, prospective, cluster randomised, controlled, feasibility study aiming to recruit 120 parents from 12 Children's Centres. Cluster randomisation has been chosen to reduce between-group contamination as HENRY is a group-based intervention which aims to provide practical guidance and improve parenting skills, intended at enhancing family homes and Children's Centre environments. All parents registered from HENRY Centres will receive the intervention and therefore it is not possible to use parents as the unit of randomisation. Centres and participants will, of necessity, be aware of treatment allocation but collection of outcomes will be performed by researchers blind to treatment allocation. Randomisation of Children's Centres will be performed by the statistician at the Clinical Trials Research Unit (CTRU).

Within each of the two local authorities, three Centres will be randomised to HENRY and three will be randomised to the control arm (training to deliver the HENRY programme in these Centres will not occur until the end of the study). Historically, when HENRY is commissioned by an area, it is the local authority which determines which Centre's will receive the intervention. In areas where HENRY is provided by external partners (e.g. Banardos), this is determined by the service provider. To maintain some autonomy by the commissioners, local authorities/service providers will be asked to allow randomisation of half of the Centres they propose to the intervention and half to the control arm. Additional training will be offered to those in the wait list control group after follow-up data have been collected (although attendance will not be compulsory).

Screening of parents will take place at Children's Centres by Centre staff and during telephone calls from NatCen (an independent social research agency (http://natcen.ac.uk) that have no role in delivery of the intervention). Consent and recruitment will occur in parent's homes and will be undertaken by staff from NatCen. Self-report questionnaires at 12 months will be collected by NatCen researchers within family homes, or at the Children's Centre if preferred by the parent. Engagement with the intervention will be assessed by an independent member of the trial team at approximately three and six months. Contamination will be assessed using a combination of quantitative (e.g. data on facilitators working in multiple Centres) and qualitative (e.g. parent focus groups) measures by mapping intervention components against their potential to impact on outcomes.

Inclusion criteria

• SITE level Local authorities (or other associations that commission HENRY in Children's Centres), Children's Centres and parents meeting all of the relevant inclusion criteria, and none of the relevant exclusion criteria, will be considered for participation in the study.

Local authorities (and service providers if applicable):

• Local Authorities must nominate a minimum of 6 Children's Centres and formally agree to allow randomisation of the Centres. Where possible, Centres should be in geographically separate areas to protect against contamination (judged on a case by case basis). Local authorities using external teams outside of the Centre to deliver HENRY programmes (e.g. health visitors) will be eligible, in addition to those wishing to train internal Centre staff to deliver programmes (the most common model currently used).
• Included local authorities may be completely new to HENRY (having never trained or delivered HENRY) or contain at least 6 Centres that are within HENRY 'naïve' clusters. Clusters are defined as a number of Children's Centres that are close to each other or grouped for management purposes. HENRY naive clusters are:
• A group of Centres within a cluster that do not include any Centres that are (a) currently delivering HENRY or (b) have been trained to, or delivered HENRY within the past 2 years.

PARENT level The target population for the intervention are parents of preschool children; mothers, fathers and carers (e.g. with children living in stable /long-term foster care).

• Parents must have at least 1 child aged 6 months - 5 years (18 months-6 years at follow-up). If more than one child in the family fulfils eligibility criteria, the youngest child (by birth timing if twins) will be considered as the reference child (from which data will be collected).
• Parents must be willing to attend the programme sessions (intervention Centres) and willing to provide data in accordance with the data collection protocol. Parents will be provided with full details of the data collection requirements in advance so that they can make informed decisions as to whether to participate.
• Parents must speak English, unless they wish to bring their own interpreter with them (e.g. family member) (the intervention and data collection forms are currently only available in English).

Exclusion criteria

• - SITE level

• Children's Centres that have delivered HENRY programmes within the last 2 years or where staff have received HENRY training within the last 2 years.

PARENT level

• Parents with severe learning difficulties that preclude them taking part in group sessions in which they need to be able to read and write, judged on a case by case basis with consultation with the HENRY team where appropriate.
• Parents whose reference child is tube fed (PEG or nasogastric) or with other known clinical conditions likely to affect growth over the period of the trial (e.g. cancer, coeliac disease, or renal or cardiac problems). A detailed list of excluded conditions will be provided at screening, with any uncertainties resolved via clinical input from the HENRY team.
• Parents who have attended a HENRY group for a previous child.