Prospective Cohort of Patients With Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease Admitted for Acute Respiratory Failure

Fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a number of heterogeneous pathologies that share the common features of fibrotic and inflammatory lesions of the lung parenchyma, particularly in the space between the lung epithelium and endothelium. An epidemiological study carried out in France in the Seine Saint Denis département (PID93) estimates the prevalence of all PIDs combined at 97/100,000. Despite recent advances, ILD classically evolves towards chronic end-stage respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure in the context of ILD is a common and severe complication, often necessitating intensive care for specialized ventilatory support.

The causes of acute respiratory failure in patients with ILD are varied. They include community-acquired or opportunistic infections (in patients on immunosuppressive therapy), pulmonary embolism and cardiac decompensation. Acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis is a sudden worsening of respiratory function characterized by rapid-onset hypoxemia and new bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on imaging, often occurring without a clear cause. It involves acute lung injury superimposed on underlying fibrotic lung disease, typically associated with a high mortality rates at 3 months estimated at 50%, and 90% in patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. This complication occurs most frequently in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), with an annual incidence of between 5% and 10%.

Current management guidelines for fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are primarily based on outdated, retrospective, single-center studies. The latest recommendations for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (ATS 2022) suggest transferring patients to intensive care in cases of acute exacerbations when lung transplantation is planned, a reversible cause of deterioration is identified, or etiological investigations remain incomplete. However, in practice, acute respiratory failure in this context presents both clinical and ethical challenges due to the limited benefits of invasive mechanical ventilation for most patients with fibrosing ILDs.

Recent advancements have influenced patient care: the incidence of fibrosing ILDs has increased, partly due to improved diagnostic approaches; anti-fibrotic therapies have become the standard of care, slowing disease progression; and advances in protective ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy have encouraged more active involvement from intensivists. Additionally, the development of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in awake patients and super-emergency lung transplantation has expanded intensive care options for these patients.

The prognosis for patients with ILD admitted to intensive care remains poor. French studies by Gaudry et al. and Tandjaoui et al. highlight the unfavorable outcomes in approximately 100 patients, primarily with IPF and non-specific interstitial pneumonias, particularly when invasive mechanical ventilation is required. International literature provides limited guidance due to heterogeneous and often undocumented fibrosis etiologies in available retrospective single-center studies.

In summary, personalized, multidisciplinary care by expert teams is crucial for improving outcomes. The concentration of cases at specialized centers hinders the establishment of large prospective cohorts, leaving intensive care teams without robust, up-to-date data on diagnostics and treatments. To address these gaps, we aim to create a large, descriptive, prospective cohort across multiple centers and evaluate patients' quality of life six months post-intensive care using a dedicated questionnaire. These insights are essential for assessing the comprehensive benefits of intensive care stays.

Inclusion criteria

• Hospitalization in intensive care for acute respiratory failure
• Requirement for standard oxygen therapy with an O2 flow rate > 6 l/min, high-flow oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation (non-invasive or invasive)
• Age ≥ 18 years
• Patient (male or female) with chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD)

• Diagnosis of chronic ILD confirmed by a multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) prior to admission to intensive care, or
• Diagnosis of chronic ILD made during the intensive care stay due to the acute episode and confirmed by an expert opinion.

Exclusion criteria

• Patient under legal guardianship or with restricted freedom
• Patient hospitalized for psychiatric reasons or with a severe psychiatric illness causing a disability, subject to legal protection measures
• Pregnant woman
• Patient already enrolled in the study