Propranolol Versus Placebo for Induction of Labor in Nulliparous Patients

The time of induction (based on time of foley balloon placement for cervical ripening or misoprostol administration) to the time of delivery of the infant.

Number of various mode of delivery - count of Vaginal delivery, vacuum assisted vaginal delivery, forceps assisted vaginal delivery, cesarean section

Time of latent labor defined as <6cm of cervical dilation.

Composite maternal morbidity score consists of a count of postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, hysterectomy, placental abruption, chorioamnionitis, shoulder dystocia, episiotomy, higher order laceration, and ICU admission.

The composite score was computed as a score of 1 for any indication of maternal morbidity, that is the participant experienced at least one maternal morbidity, and the components are given equal weights. Participants who had no evidence of the predefined maternal morbidities are subsequently given a score of 0. The minimum is 0 and maximum is 1.

Greater than 500cc of blood expelled during a vaginal delivery or greater than 1000cc of blood expelled during a cesarean section

Count of fetus with fetal heart rate decelerations within 30 minutes of study drug administration

Count of fetus with fetal bradycardia (<110bpm for >10 minutes within 30 minutes of study drug administration)

Composite neonatal outcome score was for any of the following morbidity: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission, respiratory support (CPAP, nasal cannula, intubation), culture proven sepsis, radiographically proven intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, hypoglycemia (for those infants who had sugar checked), and neonatal death.

The composite score was computed as a score of 1 for any indication of neonatal morbidity - neonates who experienced at least one morbidity and the components are given equal weights. Patients who had no evidence of the predefined neonatal morbidities are subsequently given a score of 0. The minimum is 0 and maximum is 1.

Neonatal outcome - Number of neonates with hypoglycemia (blood glucose <50).

This population includes only the neonates who had heelsticks to check their blood glucose, which is not a universal practice and was not required by the protocol or IRB. The neonates included were those who met the nursery's risk-based protocol to check blood glucose after birth (ex: infants of diabetic mothers, fetal growth restriction, macrosomia, or symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia)