Prognostic Value for Predicting Outcome Using Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Stroke Rehabilitation

Outcome prediction rate using fNIRS parameter and clinical parameters.

The activation pattern was analyzed by nirsLAB software. This software provides data collection and correction function.

The formula for Laterality Index is (contralateral - ipsilateral)/(contralateral + ipsilateral). The range of Laterality index is -1 to 1. '-1' means all ipsilateral activation and '1' means all contralateral activation.

Tool to quantify the impairment from stroke. On a scale from 0 to 42, 0 is one with no stroke symptoms and 42 is a stroke patient with the most severe symptoms. The 11 items of NIHSS are as follows: level of consciousness, horizontal eye movement, visual field test, facial palsy, motor arm, motor leg, limb ataxia, sensory, language, speech, and extinction and inattention.

A neurological scale to evaluate one's consciousness. There are three elements, which are eye response, verbal response, and motor response. A patient with best response will score 15 and a totally unresponsive patient will score 3.

The MBI is a scale that measures activities of daily living. It is composed of 10 categories: fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, grooming, toilet use, feeding, transfers (e.g., from chair to bed), walking, dressing, climbing stairs, and bathing. A higher score is a patient with better ability to live independently.

A scale that assess the impairment in a stroke patient. It has three points for each item. When a patient can perform a given task fully, 2 point is given. 1 point is given for partial performance and 0 for not being able to perform the task. The five domains of FMA scale are: motor function (Maximum score in upper limb = 66, Maximum score in lower limb = 34), sensory function (Maximum score = 24), balance (Maximum score = 14), range of motion of joints (Maximum score = 44), and joint pain (Maximum score = 44).

Staging of recovery from stroke. The stages are: 1. flaccidity, 2. developing spasticity, 3. pronounced spasticity, 4. spasticity and influence of synergies start to decrease, 5. spasticity declines even more, and 6. no spasticity and near normal stage.

A test using a box and and blocks to evaluate the upper extremity function.

Used JAMAR Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer and JAMAR Hydraulic Pinch Gauge. Hand grip, pinch grip, lateral prehension, and three jaw chuck were measured.

Measurement of spasticity during passive stretching. Wrist flexor/extensor spasticity, elbow flexor/extensor spasticity, and long finger flexor spasticity were measured. On a scale of 0 to 4, 0 means there is no spasticity and 4 means it is rigid in flexion or extension.

A popular validated functional outcome measure in stroke. On a scale from 0 to 6, 0 is one with no symptom and 6 is the worst meaning death.

On a scale from 1 to 6 ambulation status is described. 1 being the worst and 6 being independent at level and non-level surfaces also.

Includes Motor Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT), Line Bisection Test, Albert Test, Clock Drawing, Comb and Razor, and Catherine Bergego Scale. Used electrical method if available. Otherwise test was performed.

Measures aphasia type and severity

Clinical scale that assess different impairments in cerebellar ataxia. Consisted of 8 items. It is related to gait, stance, sitting, finger-chase test, nose-finger test, fast alternating movements and heel-shin test.