Probiotics Combined with Enteral Nutrition Reduces Postoperative Infectious Complications in PD

Primary outcomes

1. infectious complication

   Time frame: 30 days after surgery

   • Post-operative infections: Surgical site infections (SSI): including surgical incision infections and abdominal cavity infections.

   (1) incision infection: purulent secretions in the incision and culture of pathogenic bacteria (2) abdominal cavity infection: diagnosis can be made by meeting one of the following criteria: ① postoperative symptoms of systemic infection (fever > 38 ° C, white blood cell count higher than the upper limit of normal values), accompanied by abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and signs of peritonitis; ② abdominal drainage or puncture drainage fluid is purulent fluid, positive bacteriological culture results; ③ ultrasound, CT and other imaging tests or re-operation to confirm the presence of oozing or encapsulated abscess in the abdominal cavity; ③ ultrasound, CT and other imaging tests or re-operation to confirm the presence of oozing or encapsulated abscess. (iii) ultrasound or CT imaging or re-surgical confirmation of the presence of intra-abdominal ex