PRIMA Intervention for Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers

Approximately 20% of Americans over 65 have mild cognitive impairment (MCI), defined as experiencing more memory problems than normally expected with aging, but no other symptoms of dementia such as impaired judgment or reasoning. Persons with MCI (patients) are at great risk for developing dementia (10-33% per year). Memory problem (poor executive function) diminish the patient's confidence and ability to perform meaningful and/or important activities (e.g. socialization, medication management).

Deteriorating life satisfaction in patients and care partners (caregivers) is a prevalent problem due to diminished meaningful activity engagement which occurs as a result of patient frustration and embarrassment, lack of self-efficacy (confidence), and diminishing activity performance. As a result, patients experience additional negative health outcomes: 38% report depressive symptoms and anxiety. Caregivers often lack confidence to manage their own and the patient's daily challenges and meaningful activity engagement, leading to high caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. As a dyad, both patients and caregivers report diminished satisfaction within their communication and relationship due to disagreement about the patient's functional ability to effectively and safely perform meaningful activities.

Emerging evidence indicates regular engagement in social, physical or cognitive activities can improve life satisfaction, activity performance, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and dyad communication; health outcomes are even better when the activities are self-selected and meaningful. To promote patients' and caregivers' life satisfaction and health outcomes, interventions to maximize patients' capacity for full engagement in meaningful activities are essential; yet, there is a marked absence of such empirically validated interventions.

The investigators' purpose is to evaluate the efficacy of DEMA in a two-group randomized controlled trial with 210 patient/caregiver dyads (DEMA intervention vs. the information support (IS) attention control group).

2.0 Rationale and Specific Aims.

Aim 1 (Primary Objective): To test DEMA's efficacy for improving life satisfaction in patients and their caregivers over time compared to the IS group. Mixed effects model will be used to compare repeated Life Satisfaction Index for the Third Age (LSITA) Scale-Short Form at pre-intervention evaluation (T1) and post-intervention evaluations (14 days, 3- and 6-months).

Aim 2 (Secondary): Over time, evaluate DEMA's efficacy for patient and caregiver to:

• increase patient activity performance and diminish depressive symptoms and anxiety compared to the IS group.
• decrease caregivers burden, depressive symptoms, and anxiety compared to the IS group.

Using mixed effects models to compare repeated PHQ-9 questionaires, GAD-7, ADCS-MCI-ADL Scale, Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) And Caregiving outcomes scale (COS), at pre-intervention evaluation (T1) and post-intervention evaluations (14 days, 3- and 6-months).

Aim 3: Explore improvement in health outcomes over time in the sub-sample of patients with depressive symptoms using the (PHQ)-9 ≥ 5 at baseline) and explore the burden on caregivers when patients have PHQ-9 is >5. Compared to the non-depressed participants:

Patients with depressive symptoms (scores > 5 on PHQ-9 measured at baseline) will have improved activity performance.

Caregivers of patients with depressed symptoms (scores > 5 on PHQ-9 measured at baseline) will report reduced burden. and Patients with depressive symptoms (scores > 5 on PHQ-9 measured at baseline) and their caregivers randomized to DEMA will report improved: confidence to manage daily challenges, communication satisfaction, life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, decreased depressive symptoms and anxiety using pre-specific outcomes measures including but not limited to: confidence scale, The subscale of Communication and Affective Responsiveness (CAR), Dementia Deficits Scale (DDS) (Patient vs. Caregiver Versions), The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), The modified Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ).

Inclusion criteria

MCI Patient

• age greater than 59 years old
• able to speak and read English
• access to telephone
• have both self or informant reported cognitive complaints
• MoCA score = 15 to 25
• in the normal range in performance of daily living tasks based on functional impairment absent: a check box of Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) has no score ≥2);

Inclusion criteria

Family caregivers:

• self-identify as care partner (i.e. spouse, family member or friend)
• aged greater than or equal to 18 years
• have primary responsibility for providing care to an MCI patient, along with monitoring safety and providing social support;
• are able to speak and read English;
• access to telephone
• oriented to persons, places, and time (having a 6-item Screener score of 4 or above).

Exclusion criteria

• a diagnosed untreated severe major depression, or receiving advanced cancer treatment or hospice care
• receiving dialysis
• severe hearing loss and no hearing aids
• have no access to a telephone
• the family caregiver has significant cognitive impairment that may hinder participation (6-item MMSE < 4).