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NCT Number: NCT06147232

Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease(CDK) Progression in Type 1 Diabetes With Long Term Use of Sodium-Glucose-coTransporter Inhibitors Avoiding Kidney hypOxia

Background: Sodium-glucose-cotransporter (SGLT) inhibition has been observed to reduce risk of cardiovascular events and kidney failure in persons with type 2 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes also have increased risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease, and may benefit from SGLT-inhibition. The exact mechanism of how SGLT-inhibition benefits the kidneys are yet unknown. Change in renal hypoxia may be a factor.

Objective: The primary aim of this study is to assess the effects of 12 weeks SGLT-1 and 2 inhibition on renal oxygenation in persons with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

Further aims are to study if renal oxygen consumption and response to SGLT-inhibition differs between people of African-Caribbean or Northern European decent.

Additionally effects on left ventricular ejection fraction, kidney function and biomarkers in blood and urine will be explored.

Method: 12 weeks treatment with oral sotagliflozin or matching placebo as intervention. Kidney oxygenation and perfusion parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction will be assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney function and biomarkers will be assessed according to local hospital laboratory guidelines.

Design: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross over intervention study.

Study population: 69 persons with type 1 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease with albuminuria will be included, 39 at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 30 at King's College London.

Endpoints: Primary end-point: Change from 0 to 12 weeks in dynamic R2*-weighted signal after treatment with sotagliflozin compared to placebo. Secondary endpoints: Change from 0 to 12 weeks with sotagliflozin compared with placebo on renal perfusion, renal artery flow, renal oxygen consumption, renal parenchymal triglyceride fraction, renal fibrosis, left ventricular ejection fraction, urinary albumin-creatinin ratio, ketone bodies, erythropoietin, pro brain natriuretic peptide, and plasma- and urine inflammation- and fibrosis biomarkers as well as difference after 12 weeks treatment in glomerular filtration rate.

Timeframe: Inclusion of patients from february 2024. Last visit september 2025. Presentation spring 2026, publication fall 2026.

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Key information

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Persons ≥ 18 years of age with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (age at onset <40 years; permanent insulin treatment initiated within 1 year of diagnosis)
  • Albuminuria: UACR > 100 mg/g (in ≥2 out 3 morning spot urine collections prior to randomization)
  • estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate(eGFR) ≥25 and < 75 ml/min/1.73m2
  • Participants must be on stable renin-angiotensin system blocking treatment 4 weeks before start of study drug and throughout study duration.
  • Able to understand the written participant information and give informed consent

Exclusion criteria

  • Non-diabetic kidney disease indicated by medical history and/or laboratory findings.
  • eGFR< 25 ml/min/1.73m2, dialysis or kidney transplantation.
  • Previous diabetic ketoacidosis, except at debut.
  • Dysregulated diabetes (HbA1c > 85 mmol/mol)
  • Decreased awareness or unawareness
  • Pregnancy, lactating or with a wish of pregnancy within the next year
  • Low carbohydrate diet
  • Receiving therapy with an SGLT inhibitor within 8 weeks prior to enrolment or previous intolerance of an SGLT inhibitor.
  • New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV Congestive Heart Failure at the time of enrolment
  • Myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke or transient ischemic attack within 12 weeks prior to enrolment
  • The receipt of any investigational product 90 days prior to this trial
  • Unable to participate in study procedures
  • Any clinically significant disorder, except for conditions associated with type 1 diabetes, which in the Investigators opinion could interfere with the results of the trial
  • Participation in another intervention study
  • Exclusion criteria for MRI: known claustrophobia, known chronic lung disease, surgery within past 6 weeks or having foreign bodies of metal in the body (e.g. pacemaker, metal plates, metal screws)
  • Recurrent urogenital infections.

Treatment and study plan

Sotagliflozin

Drug

Sodium-glucose-co-transporter 1 and 2 inhibitor

Other names: Inpefa (TM)

Placebo

Drug

Placebo tablet

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in dynamic R2*-weighted signal (BOLD) as an indirect measure of renal blood oxygenation

    Time frame: 0 to 12 weeks in both treatment arms, last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    difference between change from 0 to 12 weeks after treatment with sotagliflozin compared to treatment with placebo

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in renal perfusion (medullary and cortical)

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Measured with MRI by arterial spin labelling in mL/g/min

  2. Change in renal artery flow

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Renal artery flow measured by using phase contrast (PC) MRI. It is measured in mL/min.

  3. Change in renal oxygen consumption

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Renal oxygen consumption measured by MRI with T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging.

  4. Change in renal parenchymal triglyceride fraction

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Renal parenchymal triglyceride fraction is measured by MRI spectroscopy

  5. Change in renal fibrosis

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Renal fibrosis is measured by MRI-derived apparent diffusion coefficient

  6. Change in left ventricular ejection fraction

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization

    Left ventricular ejection fraction is assessed by MRI

  7. Change in albuminuria

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) - morning void spot urine samples collected at home by participants.

  8. Change in levels of ketone bodies

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    Capillary blood ketones, possibly measured by continous ketone monitoring device

  9. Change in plasma and urine inflammation- and fibrosis biomarkers

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    Measured from blood and urine samples using a commercially available panel from the company Olink. Includes 92 biomarkers.

  10. Change in endogenous erythropoietin

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    Analysis on blood samples at regional hospital laboratory.

  11. Change in pro brain natriuretic peptide

    Time frame: From 0 to 12 weeks in each treatment arm. Last measure 30 weeks after randomization.

    Analysis on blood samples at regional hospital laboratory.

  12. Difference in Kidney Function after 12 weeks treatment with sotagliflozin vs placebo

    Time frame: From 12 to 30 weeks after randomization

    Glomerular filtration rate. At Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen this will be measured by plasma clearance of Tc-99m diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate.

Other outcomes

  1. Ethnicity

    Time frame: From baseline to 30 weeks.

    if African-Caribbean ethnicity is associated with any of the above secondary outcomes or baseline differences in cardio-renal disease markers/imaging measures

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Mette Brouw Iversen, MD

CONTACT

[email protected]

+4529267717

Peter Rossing, MD, DMSc

CONTACT

[email protected]

+4530913383

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen

Other

Collaborators

  • Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen
  • Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
  • Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
  • King's College London

Registry information

Official study title

Prevention of CKD Progression in Type 1 Diabetes With Long Term Use of SGLTi Avoiding Kidney hypOxia(PLUTO)

Acronym: PLUTO

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2027
Study completion
2027
First posted
Nov 27, 2023
Registry last updated
Jan 27, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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